IV 



AMERICAN HOMES AND GARDENS 



July, 1 910 



Eleven Miles of Happiness 



is wkat our Thirty Thousand Fresh-Air Guests would make, yearly, if in 

 line like tnese tenement motners at Sea Breeze, 1 Key nave sunerea from 

 lack of f)rof>er food and clotning, from dark crowded rooms, from overwork, 

 sickness and bereavement. oea Jjreeze cured Smiling Joe of tuberculosis. 



HOW MANY MAY WE SEND AS YOUR GUESTS? 



$2.50 will give a wnole week or new lire and cheer to a worn out motner, 



an unaeried worKing girl, a convalescing jsatient, or an aged toiler. 



5.00 gives a teething baoy and its "little mother of ten a cool healthful week. 



10.00 gives four run-down school children a fresh start for next year. 



25.00 names a bed lor the season. $50.00 names a room, 



100.00 gives a happy excursion to 400 mothers and children — their only outing. 



Will you have a 

 L/awn Party or a 

 Children s Fair to 

 help us? Write for 

 literature. 



Please send your 

 gift to 



R. S. MINTURN. 



1 reas. 



Room 238 



105 E. 22d Street 



New 1 ork 



United Olianties 

 Ouildmg 



N. Y. ASSOCIATION for IMPROVING the CONDITION of the POOR 



R. FULTON CUTTING. President 





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ALCOHOL 



Its Manufacture 

 Its Denaturization 

 Its Industrial Use 



The Cost of Manufacturing Denaturized Alcohol in Germany and 

 German Methods of Denaturization are discussed by Consui-Generai 

 Frank H. Mason in Scientijic A?neficaii Supplement 1550. 



The Use. Cost and Efficiency of Alcohol as a Fuel for Gas Engines 



are ably explained by H. Diederichs in Scicutijic American Supple- 

 ment 1596. Many clear diagrrams accompany tlie text. The article con- 

 siders the fuel value and physical properties of alcohol, and gives details 

 of the alcohol engine wherever they may be different from those of a 

 gasoline or crude oil motor 



In Scientific A7ne7-icati Supplement 1581 the Production Of In- 

 dustrial Alcohol and its Use in Explosive Motors arc treated at icn^rth, 



valuable statistics beinj: jriven of the cost of manufacturing alcohol from 

 farm products and using" it in engines. 



French Methods of Denaturization consiituie the subject of a good 

 article published in Scientific American Supplement 1599. 



How Industrial Alcohol is Made and Used is told very fuiiy and 



clearly in No. 3, Vol. 95, of the Scientific American. 

 The most complete treatise on the Modem Manufacture of Alcohol, 



explaining thoroughly the chemical principles wtiicb underlie the pro- 

 cess without loo many wearisome technical phrases, and describing ami 

 illustrating all the apparatus rcijuired in an alcohol plant is published in 

 Scientific American Supplements 1603, 1604 and 1605. 'Jhe 

 article 13 by h. Baudry de Saunier, the well-known French authority. 



In Supplements 1607, 1608, 1609 we publish a digest Of the rules 

 and regulations under which the U. S internal Revenue will permit 

 the manufacture and denaturation of tax free alcohol. 



A comparison of the Use Of Alcohol and Gasoline In Farm Engines 



is given in Scientific American Snpplemoits 1654 and 1655 by 

 i'rof. Charles E. Lucke and S, M. Woodward. 



The Manufacture, Denaturing and the Technical and Chemical 

 Utilization of Alcohol is ably discussed in the Scientific American 

 Supplements 1656 and 16^7 by M. Klar and F. H. Meyer, both ex 

 pcrts in tiie chemistry and distillation of alcohol. Illustrations of stills 

 and plants accompany the text 



The Sources of Industrial Alcohol, that is the Farm Products from 

 which alcohol is distilled, arc enumerated by Dr. H. W. Wiley in 

 Scientific American Supplements 1611 and 1612 and tiieir relative 

 alcohol content compared. 



The Distillation and Rectification of Alcohol is the title of a splendid 



article by the late Max Maercker (the greatest authority on alcohol) x^uh- 

 U^Ued in Scientific A fnerican S/fPPlemetits 1627 and 1628. Dia- 

 grams of the various types of stills in common use are used as illustrations 



In Scieyit] fie American Supplement 1613 the Uses Of Industrial 

 Alcohol in the Arts and in the Home are discussed. 



Any Single Number of the Scientific American or Supplement 

 will be sent for 10 cents by rn.nl. The entire set of papers above listed 

 will be mailed on receipt of S2.00. 



Send for Our New 1910 Supplement Catalogue. FREE to Any Address. 



Order from your neiusdealer or from the publishers 



MUNN & COMPANY, Inc., 361 Broadway, New York City 



GLASS ESPALIER WALLS 



Wl FEN vines and trees arc trained in 

 espaliers on the south side of a 

 wall, the north face of the wall is 

 usually wasted, altliouji^h it can lie used for 

 the cultivation of varieties of apples, ])ears. 

 and cherries which are hardy and not sub- 

 ject to rot. If a transparent wall could be 

 used. ])lants growing- on liotl: sides of it 

 would receive the benefit of the sun's rays. 

 Some experiments have been made witli 

 glass walls. Count de Choiseul recently 

 published the results of such an experiment, 

 with photographs sliowing heavilv fruited 

 pear trees on both sides of the trans])arent 

 wall. The wall, wliieh is about 6o feet 

 long and 6' j feet high, was erected in 1901. 

 i'Lach side of it was ])lanted with 15 pear 

 trees of the variety Doyenne d'hiver (Win- 

 ter Doyen), giving a wall area of 232 

 square feet to each tree. In 1907 the trees 

 on the south side bore 134 pears weighing 

 91 pounds, and the trees on the north side 

 bore 109 pears, weighing yy ])ounds. All 

 the pears were of very fine appearance and 

 without blemish, and the pears on the north 

 side were smoother than the others. 



In the nursery of Croux et Fils is a glass 

 wall, which is surrounded by horizontal 

 glass sashes and planted with the same 

 varieties of peaches, apples, and pears on 

 each side. These espaliers also began bear- 

 ing in 1907, and both sides have produced 

 equally fine fruit. The difference in tem- 

 perature between the sides of the wall is not 

 very great, as the southern face reflects less 

 heat and is therefore cooler than that of a 

 masonary wall, while the northern side is 

 warmed by the rays which pass through the 

 glass. A masonary wall possesses, theo- 

 retically, one advantage over a glass wall, 

 as it absorbs during the day a greater quan- 

 tity of heat, and consequently exerts a 

 greater heating effect at night. Longer ex- 

 perience will be required to determine 

 which material is the better on the whole. 

 The cost of construction is practically the 

 same for both. 



LIME CULTURE IN THE WEST 

 INDIES 



THE cultivation of limes in the AVest 

 Indies is a rapidly developing in- 

 dustry, although it is at present 

 somewhat small when compared with the 

 sugar and cacao trades. The yield of the 

 fruit per acre varies with the nature and 

 quality of the soil, but on good ground 

 two hundred bushels of limes are yielded, 

 diminishing to as low as fifty barrels per 

 acre upon poor soil. The average yield, 

 however, is about one hundred and twent}- 

 barrels. From one barrel of limes, seven 

 to eight gallons of juice are extracted. 

 The latter is exported either raw or in a 

 density of one gallon of concentrated to 

 12 gallons of raw juice. About 80 barrels 

 of limes are required to yield 54 gallons 

 of concentrated juice. One of the most 

 important branches of the industry is the 

 production of "essential oil of limes." 

 This product is obtained from the rind of 

 the fruit by the ecuelle process, before 

 passing through the mills. The distilled 

 oil, which is one of the forms in which this 

 product is shipped, is recovered from the 

 juice after milling by the usual distillation 

 process. Only about 3 ounces of the rind 

 oil is obtained per barrel of limes, while 

 the yield of distilled oil is approximately 

 two and a half gallons out of 54 gallons of 

 concentrated juice. 



