October, 1910 



AMERICAN HOMES AND GARDENS 



in 



been found that they often remain in con- 

 siderable numbers to breed, much further 

 south than the usually ascribed southern 

 limit of summer residence. 



On the other hand, the migratory move- 

 ment of the second division mentioned is 

 one of the most extreme known. Such 

 birds as the golden plover, black-bellied 

 plover, butT-breasted sandpiper, and other;. 

 of their kind are starthng examples of the 

 most wonderful migration flights. The 

 golden plover, breeding within the Arctic 

 Circle, often extends its quarters as far 

 south as Patagonia. Of necessity the 

 breeding season is short, but nearly six 

 months is spent in \vinter homes. About 

 four months of the year is spent in their 

 spring and fall journeys, which are some 

 times as much as 3,000 miles in length. Li 

 spring they travel northward via the Miss- 

 issippi Valley, but in fall they go south by 

 the way of Labrador and Nova Scotia, from 

 the latter point launching out to sea, and in 

 favorable weather often making a trip of 

 2,^00 miles to South America without a 

 known stop. There seems good reason to 

 believe that this avoiding of our coast has 

 increased in frequency since the shooting 

 of the birds by the barrelful so reduced 

 their numbers, and endangered a coastwise 

 journey overmuch. 



The black-bellied plover breeds equally 

 far north and, on this hemisphere, winters 

 in the West Indies, Brazil, and Colombia. 

 The bufi'-breasted sandpiper summers as 

 far north as the Arctic coast and winters 

 south of Uruguay and Peru. ]\Iigratory 

 movement in all such birds has been un- 

 doubtedly ati'ected by changed coastal con- 

 ditions and excessive shooting. 



The third division represents birds that 

 are practically unaffected by migratory in- 

 stinct. The bob-white and ruffed grouse 

 are permanent residents where found, till 

 adverse circumstances force them to leave, 

 or extermination removes them from a lo- 

 cality. 



The most fundamental factor in migra- 

 tion, the cause, remains practically un- 

 known so far as birds in general are con- 

 cerned. The fornierly attributed cause, and 

 the one which still figures largely in the 

 popular mind, and seeking of a compara- 

 tively equitable chmate by birds in their 

 journeyings north and south, has long been 

 abandoned by the ornithologist. The ques- 

 t'on of food supply only offers partial so 

 lution. This is true of other tentative 

 causes advanced. It seems probable that a 

 number of causes in a great variety of 

 combination contribute. 



In the study of migration, one fact seems 

 to be unmistakably established, namely, the 

 existence of an instinct that enables birds 

 in flocks or individually, to perform migra- 

 tory flights of great length, and to return 

 with great precision to the breeding spot of 

 the previous year. Thus we find birds that 

 breed gregariously, as gulls, terns, herons. 

 and others, yearly returning to the 

 same island, strip of beach, marsh or 

 swamp in a colony, and about the 

 same time each year. In the same 

 way our common birds that are more or 

 less solitary in their nesting habits return 

 in many instances to the same spot, year 

 after year. The bridge girder, the beam in 

 the cow-shed, or the molding on the porch 

 pillar that has this year held a phoebe's nest, 

 will, ten to one, hold such a nest next year. 

 It is not exceptional to note on the limb of 

 a village shade tree the occupied nest of 

 the Baltimore oriole, the weathered last 

 year's nest, and the battered remains of the 

 nest of two years ago. A last year's nest 

 of the vireo is often a good clue to the im- 

 mediate whereabouts of an occupied nest. 

 Robins' nests are not infrequently built on 



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^T This is a story of outdoor boy life, suggesting a large num- 

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