244 THE GEOLOGY OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 
has been converted into coarsely crystalline marble, by pressure 
and heat consequent on the intrusion of the Main Range granite 
in Mesozoic times, and, except for occasional fissures, the limestone 
mass is impervious to Water. Caves, characteristic also of the 
Permo-Carboniferous limestone (and not of the Plateau Limestone) 
of Yunnan and the Shan States, are common in the Peninsula, and 
here they frequently contain phosphate deposits derived either from 
bats’ guano, or from a concentration of the phosphatic numerals 
orizinally contained in the limestone now dissolved to form. the 
caves. Guano deposits are known also in the limestone caves of 
Moulmein in Lower Burma. ‘The wide depressions in the plateau 
country of the Shan States, due to subsidence after solution of the 
underlying limestone, and to the crushed limestone being unable to 
sustain its own weight. are not met with in the Malay Peninsula, 
but there was one well-known case of a village sinking several 
feet owing to the water being pumped from an underground cave. 
The series has been subjected to intense folding, although this 
is not evident from an examination of the numerous cliff-exposures, 
except in certain occasional instances, for, in nearly all cases, the 
structure has been completely obliterated by the deposition of surface 
stalactitie deposits. One exception is Gunong Ginting, near Ipoh, 
where several distinct overfolds are seen, onlv a few hundred yards 
apart, with the axes of folding dipping in quite different directions, 
and numerous readings taken m limestone pinnacles, where the 
cover of alluvium has been removed in mining operations, also give 
very different dips. These folds were accompanied by faults, as 
would be expected in such a massive rock, and, in addition, a series 
of vertical faults was formed when the Mam Range granite was — 
intruded, independent of the folding, but due to the unequal sub- 
sidence or raising of different blocks of limestone and overlying 
Triassic and Jurassic rocks in the molten magma. Some of these 
vertical faults must have been of great magnitude, for schists, almost 
certainly of Triassic or Jurassic age, are found faulted down against 
the foot of a cliff, hundreds of foes high, of Permo- Carhonnenane 
limestone. 
The above description applies particularly to the limestone 
of the western States of the Malay Peninsula; the calcareous series 
of Raub rocks east of the Main Range is similar, except that here 
a shaley facies is strongly dev eloped. It is probable that the absence 
of shales in the west is due in part to the intense metamorphism 
which the series has undergone, and that certain black streaks and 
bands which penetrate the limestone represent their remains. There 
is no evidence to show that the limestone hills in the east have been 
formed by faulting. 
The fossils of the Shan States are similar types to those of the 
Salt Range of India, and they resemble a few fossils from the 
islands of “Rotti and Timor in the Malay Archipelago. The fossils 
of the Malay Peninsula are found only in a few localities, as, in 
Jour. Straits Branch 
