258 EARLY HISTORY OF SINGAPORE, JOHORE & MALACCA. 
1389 A.D. and ruled some 40 years). The king of Siam attacked 
the usurper who fled to Pago on the Muar. His whilom followers, 
the Cellates (= Orang Laut) opened Bertam near Malacca. 
D’ Albuquerque (1557) relates how, when Malacca was found- 
ed, a Bhatara ruled Tumapel in Java and the Permaisura fled to 
Singapore, murdered its chief and ruled it for five years, until the 
ruler of Patani, brother of the murdered chief, drove him to Muar, 
whence he went to Bintao (Bertam) and founded Malacca. The 
reference to Tumapel is valuable. 
The Séjarah Mélayu (Chapters 5 and 10) give the Malay 
tradition of Singapore’s relationship with Java. The end of 
chapter 10 refers to its destruction by Hayam Wuruk after 1338 
A.D. when according to the Pararaton Gajadmada took his famous 
oath not to eat palapa until 10 countries including Palembang 
Pahang and Tumasik had been subjected to Majapahit and before 
1365 A.D. when the Nagarakretagama tells how all the islands and 
states in the east and west of the Malay Archipelago had been sub- 
dued. The lettering on the fragment of the Singapore monolith, 
now in Raffles’ Museum, is said by Dr. Krom to resemble Maja- 
pahit characters and to antedate somewhat 1360 A.D. Dr. Krom. 
is studying a cast of the fragment. 
How old is Singapore? T'Tsing mentions in 690 A.D. a 
state “ Mo-ho-hsin ” at the south of the Peninsula = Mahasin “ the 
great Salt state,” which Rouffaer identifies with a Malay land 
“ Hasin ” recorded in a Majapahit inscription of 1034 A.D. to 
have been conquered by Erlangga, a prince in East Java (born 991 
A.D.—teigned 1019-1042 A.D.). Probably it is Ibn Khordady- . 
beh’s “ Schalahit ” (Sélat). According to Rouffaer it was Tasik 
= Temasik (of the 14th century) = old Samudra = Singapura (of 
the 15th cent.), while on the mainland was Wura-wari (old Jay. 
= “clear water ’’) from the 10th to 11th centuries = Ganggayu 1.e. 
Gangga ayu (O. J. = “fresh water”) before 1450 but still known 
at the time of the Séjarah Mélayu (1612 A.D.) = Johor of the 
XVIth century. An inscription of 1006 A.D. in Sanskrit and old 
Javanese, in the Calcutta Museum, tells how Wurawari had brought 
disaster to Java, and the Siamese laws of 1360 A.D, count it 
among places subject to Siam. In the Tanjore inscription of 
Rajendracola I (1080 A.D.), Kadaram = Kedah, Srivijayam = 
Palembang, Malayur = Jambi, and Rouffaer suggests Mayiru- 
dingam = Great Yirudingam = Chao Ju Kua’s Great Ji-lo-t’ing = 
Mahasin = Singapore; Ilangacogam = Langkasuka = Ganggayu = 
Wurawari; Ma-Ppappalam = ? “Pahang or “Penang, and Mevilim- 
bangam “the walled” may be the Dindings or Klang. lLangka- 
suka = Chao Ju Kua’s Ling-ya-ssi-kia (1225 eID) = the Negara- 
kretagama’s Langkasuka (13165) = I-Tsing’s Lang-ka-su (692) = 
Langgasu or Langga of the Chinese annals of the Liang dynasty 
(502-556) = ? the Lanka of the Ramayana. The Calcutta inscrip- 
tion speaks of Luaram (= lwah O. J. “river, water” and ram Skt. 
= rama “sweet, charming”) as its capital. 
Jour. Straits Branch 
