34 BULLETIN 959, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
grower to abandon his adopted schedule, since a matter of a few days 
one way or the other is not likely to affect the ultimate results to any 
marked extent. : 
Above all, the fruit grower should pay particular attention to 
spraying for the first-brood larve and make every effort to poison as 
many of these as possible. If all of the first-brood worms were 
killed there would be none of the second or third broods with which 
to contend. Upon inspection of their orchards early in the season, 
fruit growers sometimes conclude that there are so few worms pres- 
ent that it is unnecessary to make additional spray applications for 
the first brood. Unfortunately, it is not always realized that the . 
presence of a comparatively few larve early in the season will often 
result in large second and third broods, which frequently will cause 
an enormous loss despite the most thorough subsequent spraying. 
The fruit grower should therefore bear in mind that during the early 
part of the season, while the fruit is small and the skin is not very 
waxy, it is easier to coat it thoroughly with poison and thus kill the 
worms than later in the year when the apples have grown larger 
and the skin has become smoother. Unless the fruit grower makes 
every effort to reduce to the minimum the number of first-brood 
larve, he will have small chance of success against the later broods. 
Neglect to spray with thoroughness and timeliness against the first 
brood of worms can never be economically or successfully overcome 
by sprays applied late in the season. 
SPRAY MATERIALS. 
_ Arsenate of lead at the rate of 1 pound of the powder or 2 pounds of 
the paste to 50 gallons of water is recommended as the most satis- 
factory poison for use against the codling moth. For convenience in 
handling and storing, the powdered product is preferable to the paste. 
Although the experimental data did not always indicate that the 
addition of fish-oil soap to the arsenate of lead spray was of value, it is 
believed, nevertheless, that the use of soap, 2 pounds to 50 gallons, will 
generally increase the efficiency of the spray on account of the spread- 
ing qualities of the soap. Soap, however, should never be used with 
strongly alkaline water. 
SPRAYING EQUIPMENT. 
To spray the orchard as quickly as possible during the critical 
periods, it is recommended that a power sprayer of ample capacity 
and capable of supplying three leads of hose with a pressure of 225 to 
250 pounds be used. In spraying large trees a spray tower, erected on 
top of the outfit, will enable the operator to cover the upper parts of 
the trees more thoroughly. A tank filler is almost a necessity and 
each sprayer should be provided with this device. Itis also important 
