STOCK=POISONING PLANTS OF THE RANGE. 15 
TREATMENT FOR ZYGADENUS POISONING. 
There are no medicinal remedies which can be used effectively for 
Zygadenus poisoning. The important thing is to avoid the possi- 
bility of the sheep eating any large quantity of the plant. Unfor- 
tunately, the plant is quite toxic, so that comparatively small quan- 
tities may produce harm. 
LUPINES. 
The lupines are among the most conspicuous of the flowering 
plants upon mountain ranges. They are scattered in a very large 
number of species practically over all the grazing regions. They are 
known under a great variety of common names, among which are 
“blue pea”’ and ‘‘wild bean.” 
The picture of Lupinus sericeus, Plate XVII, will serve for the 
identification of any of the lupines. The form of the leaf and the 
color of the flower, ordinarily shades of purple or blue, readily dis- 
tinguish this plant from others growing in the same neighborhood. 
The seeds are especially poisonous, and most cases of poisoning result 
from eating the pods containing seeds. The pods alone, however, 
may poison, and sometimes sheep are poisoned by the leaves, or by 
the leaves in combination with the seed pods. 
The losses from lupine poisoning are mostly of sheep, although 
some horses are poisoned. It is probable that the lupines are the 
principal cause of sheep losses in the late summer and fall months. 
It is not by any means to be understood that sheep are always poi- 
soned when they come upon a patch of lupine, for bands of sheep 
may feed through lupine for a whole season without any harm. 
When, however, a hungry band comes upon a patch of lupine at the 
time when the pods are filled with seeds, poisoning frequently occurs. 
Cases of poisoning sometimes happen when sheep are taken from the 
cars and allowed to graze freely upon lupine. Many cases of poi- 
soning have occurred when the sheep are brought down from the 
mountains in the fall. If during that passage the band is overtaken 
by a snowstorm, sometimes it will feed freely upon the lupine pods 
which remain above the snow, and heavy losses may occur. It is 
not unusual for several hundred out of a band to be killed by lupine 
poisoning. ‘These losses are not confined to any one State, but occur 
in practically all the Western States where sheep are grazed upon 
the range. 
SYMPTOMS OF LUPINE POISONING. 
The symptoms of lupine poisoning resemble in many respects those 
produced by some other poisonous plants. There is frothing at the 
mouth, but in addition the animals run about in a frenzy, butting 
against any opposing object in a way which seems to be character- 
istic of this disease. 
