14 BULLETIN 432, TJ. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



period elapsing between the different stages throughout the year in 

 the vicinity of Pasadena is as follows : 



Days. 



Period between emergence of adult and oviposition 3 



Egg stage 7 



Larval stage 16 



Pupal stage IS 



Average life cycle 44 



Observations made at Columbia, S. C. from June to August, 1914:, 

 showed the stages and life cycle as follows : 



Days. 



Period between emergence and oviposition 3 



Egg stage 3. 5 



Larval stage 10 



Pupal stage 10 



Total life cycle. 



26.5 



TTildermuth obtained the following life cycle of this species at 

 Tempe, Ariz., during April and May in 1913 : 



Days. 



Period between emergence, and oviposition 4 



Egg stage 3.5 



Larval stage 12 



Pupal stage 16 



Total life cycle 37. 5 



HIBERNATION. 



This species has apparently no distinct period of hibernation in 

 the warm climate of southern California, but the different stages are 

 naturally considerably retarded in their development during the cold 

 days of winter. 



In the latitude of Columbia. S. C, and La Fayette. Ind.. the spe- 

 cies hibernates in the pupal stage. The first heavy freeze killed the 

 adults, larva?, and the plants in rearing cages at Columbia. S. C. 

 An infested field of oats at Columbia revealed only puparia through- 

 out the greater part of the winter. 



REARING METHODS. 



The rearing cages found to be the most satisfactory by the senior 

 author in his study of the life history of this species, both at La 

 Fayette. Ind.. and Columbia. S. C. consisted of 12-inch flowerpots 

 containing food plants and covered with cylinders made of celluloid 

 and galvanized iron. The tops of these cylinders were covered with 

 cheesecloth. Moist food was kept in the cages for the adults. 



The junior author in his study of this species in California found 

 that cages made of wire arches and cheesecloth bags gave the best 

 results. The type of cage used by him for observations on feeding 



