58 BULLETIN 614, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
The packing cost per box on 100 farms studied was $0.05, or $21.68 
per acre. 
NAILING AND WAITING. 
Many of the orchardists in both regions employ one man to nail 
the packed boxes and wait on the packers or sorters. The cost of nail- 
ing and waiting was $0.0132 per box for the North Yakima ranches ~ 
and $0.0105 for those of Zillah, or an average of $0.0119 per box for 
both districts, 64 records being considered. 
Other orchardists employ a man to do nothing but nail and stamp 
the boxes. It was found that a nailer when doing no other labor 
would nail 275 boxes per day on the North Yakima ranches and 281 
on the Zillah ranches, or 278 when both districts were considered, 
while 210 boxes is the average day’s work for nailing and waiting. 
Eleven of the men employed waiters who did nothing but wait on 
the packers and sorters, each handling about 284 boxes per day. 
FOREMAN. 
In most instances, on account of the small size of the orchards in 
these regions, it is not found necessary to employ a foreman. On the 
ranches studied there were but 6 men in the North Yakima district 
and 17 in the Zillah district who employed foremen in the packing 
houses. In most other cases the owner himself acted as foreman, at 
the same time doing some other labor in the packing house, usually 
nailing. On the ranches studied, where a foreman was employed the 
foreman cost per box was $0.0096, or practically $0.01 per box. 
OTHER PACKING-FOUSE LABOR. 
The other packing-house labor, which includes truckers, or men 
employed about the packing house to handle the fruit in some way 
other than those already mentioned, amounts to $0.0185 per box for 
the 23 men who employ other packing-house labor, or, if this is pro- 
rated over all records, $0.0035 per box. 
ALL PACKING-HOUSE LABOR COSTS. 
The total of all packing-house labor for the 108 men who did their, 
own sorting and packing was $0.1039 per box, while in the case of the 
12 men who hauled to an association warehouse and had the fruit 
packed it was $0.1209 per box, or for the total 120 records, $45.55 per 
acre, and $0.1054 per box, or 30.57 per cent of the total net mainta- 
nance and handling cost. 
, CULL APPLES. 
Cull or cider apples which have been gathered from the ground or 
culled in the packing shed (see fig. 14) are often hauled to a cider mill 
in the vicinity of North Yakima. In the Zillah district there was no 
by-product plant at the time this study was made. A few of the 
growers hauled their cull apples in boxes to the, town of Zillah and 
