COST OF KEEPING FARM HORSES. 13 
year; that is, the increased cost of keep for the third year was not 
always covered by the increase in value. Of the 43 colts fed on the 
Illinois farms, 19 were born during the years this work was done. 
A loss of 4 cents per head on the Illinois farms was due to the deaths 
of 4 colts valued at $300. In Ohio the loss was higher, averag- 
ing $1.24 per head. Of the 7 colts fed, but 1 was born during the 
period of this work, On the New York farms the colts showed an 
average profit of $1.43 per head. No.deaths occurred, and of the 
18 fed, 8 were born during the years of this work. 
Under favorable conditions the raising of colts is one way of keeping 
down the cost of horse labor. (See fig. 1.) 
Fig. 1.—Under favorable conditions the raising of colts is one way of keeping down the cost of farm- 
horse labor. 
MISCELLANEOUS COSTS. 
“Miscellaneous costs,’’ a minor item, embraces insurance, share of 
taxes, veterinary services and medicine, salt, etc. The average of 
these costs per head varied from $1.90 on the Ohio farms to $2.12 in 
Illinois. The cost in New York was about the same as that in 
Iinois. The amount expended for this group of items varies con- 
siderably on different farms. The variation is, however, in almost 
direct proportion to the amount expended for veterinary services. 
MANURE. 
Horses were credited with only the manure recovered from the 
stables and feed lot, which was valued at $1 per ton before removal. 
