2 CIRCULAR 9 7 7. C. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 



the Armed Forces." This circular includes much new information 

 obtained since that publication was issued. 



Although the work has been carried out principally to develop 

 control measures applicable under military conditions, most of the 

 methods developed are also applicable with, modifications to civilian 

 problems. 



It has been impossible to investigate all materials against all major 

 insects. The most emphasis has been given to mosquitoes because 

 of their importance as disease transmitters and as serious pests. 

 Extensive research has also been conducted on the control of flies, 

 lice, chiggers, ticks, fleas, and sand flies, and some study has been 

 given to bed bugs and cockroaches. The insects mentioned in this 

 circular are given below. 



Body louse Pediculus hum-anus humanus L. 



Head louse Pediculus humanus capitis Deg. 



Crab louse Phthirus pubis (L.). 



Common malaria mosquito Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say. 



Yellow-fever mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.) . 



Southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say. 



Salt-marsh mosquitoes Aedes sollicitans (Wlkrj and taeniorhyn- 



chus (Wied.). 



Southern buffalo gnat Cnephia pecuarum (Riley) . 



House fly Musca domestica L. 



Stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). 



Human flea_ Pulex irritans L. 



Oriental rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothseh.) . 



Cat flea Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche). 



Dog flea Ctenocephalides canis (Curt.). 



Bed bugs Cimex lectularius L. and hemiptervs (F.). 



Imported fire ant Solenopsis saevissima v. richteri Forel. 



Chiggers Trombicula splendens Ewing and alfreddu- 



gesi (Oud.). 



Itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei (Deg.). 



American dog tick Dermacentor variabilis (Say) . 



Lone star tick Amblyomma americanum (L.). 



Brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latr.). 



Most of the species have served as test insects at Orlando. Although 

 they are predominantly American species, it is believed that control 

 measures developed against them will aid in the control of related 

 species throughout the world. Since related species may vary con- 

 siderably in habits and susceptibility to chemicals, and since the 

 conditions under which chemicals and equipment are used may influ- 

 ence their effectiveness, the suggestions and procedures in this cir- 

 cular should be considered only as a guide and subject to adaptations. 



Although recommendations have been based chiefly on the investi- 

 gations conducted by the former Bureau of Entomology and Plant 

 Quarantine, other available information has also been taken into 

 account. Much information on the control of insects in various parts 

 of the world has been obtained by military personnel during and since 

 World War II. Many agencies in the United States and in other 

 countries have undertaken large-scale control programs. 



