immature apples are more susceptible than those picked later. Pick- 
ing the fruit at proper maturity helps to prevent scald. Shredded 
oiled paper or oiled-paper wraps are used to control scald, but neither 
of these will prevent it in immature fruit of susceptible varieties. 
Bitter pit (6), also called stippen, Baldwin spot, and York spot, 
occurs as brown spongy or corky spots in the flesh usually just under 
the skin and frequently causes depressions in the surface of the fruit. 
It seems to develop most in storage on apples picked before they reach 
proper maturity. It is particularly prevalent on Baldwin, Graven- 
stein, Arkansas (Mammoth Black Twig), Delicious, Yellow New- 
town, Rhode Island Greening, and Northern Spy. Bitter pit also 
develops in fruit still attached to the tree, but probably to a less extent 
than in fruit harvested early and placed in storage. Also much of 
the fruit affected with bitter pit can be sorted out when mature fruit 
is packed. 
Water core (2,6), a functional disease that gives the flesh a water- 
soaked appearance, develops under favorable conditions as apples 
reach maturity; when it 1s present it may cause growers to pick the 
fruit of some varieties earlier than otherwise desirable. A small 
amount of water core at picking time, particularly in the slower sof- 
tening, longer keeping varieties such as Winesap and Yellow Newtown. 
will often disappear in storage, and the quality will not be lowered. 
This disorder seriously affects the quality of rapidly ripening vari- 
eties such as Jonathan and Delicious, in which it is hkely to lead to 
internal break-down. 
Internal break-down is a senility disease that is characterized by 
brownish discoloration of the flesh, development of mealiness, and 
loss of flavor (6). It is associated with apples that were overmature 
or water-cored when picked or that have been held in storage too long. 
Soggy break-down (6, 77, 78) is a low-temperature disorder that 
occasionally occurs in Grimes Golden, Wealthy, Golden Delicious, 
and a few other varieties. Soggy break-down is distinguished from 
internal break-down in that in the former there is a sharp demarcation 
between the sound and affected tissues and the affected tissue is wet or 
soggy rather than dry and mealy. It is generally more severe in late- 
picked apples, particularly if they are kept for a period at room tem- 
perature before cold storage. 
Soft scald (6, 18) is also a low-temperature disorder to which 
Jonathan is particularly susceptible; occasionally it also occurs on 
Northwestern Greening, Rome Beauty, Wealthy, Golden Delicious, 
Winesap, and McIntosh. ‘It is distinguished from storage scald in 
that the affected parts are more sunken and soft and occur in definite 
patterns with a sharp demarcation between the affected and sound 
tissues. Oiled paper, used to control storage scald, is ineffective for 
soft scald. Although the severity of soft scald varies with different 
maturities, its exact relation to maturity is not clear. Under some 
conditions it may be more severe in early-picked apples and under 
others in intermediate- or late-picked (78). 
Jonathan spot is a superficial skin disease characterized by small, 
black or brown spots, resembling freckles, that occurs on Jonathan, 
King David, and Rome Beauty apples when they are left on the tree 
until they approach overmaturity. 
