LUPINES AS POISONOUS PLANTS. al 
that the lupine leaves are toxic. Moreover, laboratory work, con- 
ducted with the assistance of Mr. O. F’. Black, shows clearly that there 
is a large quantity of the alkaloid in the leaves, although less than in 
the seed. 
A careful analysis of the cases of sheep fed with leaves offers no ex- 
planation for the difference in results, although many possible factors 
have been taken into consideration, such as difference in animals, differ- 
ence in methods of administration, seasonal change of toxicity, ete. 
All that can be said at this stage of the investigation is that while lupine 
leaves are not always injurious they are toxic, and under some condi- 
tions—conditions which can not now be defined—they cause illness 
and death. It is evident that no definite statement can be made as 
to the toxic and lethal dose of leaves for sheep. 
TOXICITY OF LUPINE SEED FOR SHEEP. 
Table 4 is astatement of the sheep poisoned by lupine seed in 1913, 
showing the quantity in each case which produced the result. 
TaBLE 4.—Sheep poisoned by lupine seed in 1913. 
| Pounds 
Mert fed per £ 
Feed and animal. Date fed. 100 pounds Result. 
of animal. 
Unground seed: 
INO? ODS 36 See oe an oe OS a = aeRO eS Aug. 15 0.561 | Sick; recovery. 
INIOs US GES Sea Ree oS iss Se eee ee ee Ie BN Raa Aug. 17 705 eath. 
Ground seed: 
Oj, FAD) 4 ee SS SEe es ie Se Sata ve SPN eS Aug. 15 . 268 | Sick; recovery. 
INO Ze oe cae oc occ coc obo dauae peek ooe See een ee Sareea ease Aug. 17 . 542 eath. 
Note ae eer rn er ee ee” Aug. 31 441 Do. 
INR De RE ee OC eat a Bah a am SI Set Sept. 2 . 245 | Sick; recovery. 
ING MBs csosaodaces sense Gul see SO ee ai epeee tens eae Sept. 6 439 Do. 
Inasmuch as sheep No. 208 received 0.551 pounds of the unground 
seed without any toxic effect, it would appear that the dose received 
by sheep No. 209 (0.561 pound) with resulting illness, must have been 
very hear the toxic limit. As the only sheep that died (sheep No. 184) 
received 0.705 pound, the lethal limit, so far as these experiments 
show, lies between 0.561 and 0.705 pound. 
When ground seed was used, the dosage was much smaller, as 
would be expected. Sheep No. 212 was poisoned by 0.245 pound, 
and sheep No. 210 by 0.268 pound. Others were fed larger quantities 
without effect; for example, sheep No. 196 received 0.425 pound, and 
sheep No. 207, 0.423 pound, while several received 0.3 pound or 
more. Sheep No. 196, however, received its dose in 2 days, whereas 
the others received theirs in a single day. It seems that sheep may be 
poisoned on as little as 0.25 pound or may receive as much as 0.423 
pound without effect. 
