LUPINES AS POISONOUS PLANTS. 35 
the rate of the pulse, respiration, and temperature of sheep No. 185 
are fairly typical of the changes which ordinarily take place. 
Associated with the condition of excitement there is frequently 
more or less violent trembling. Nausea is not often exhibited. 
Bloating occurs in some cases, probably being more likely to occur 
when the sheep eat very largely of lupine leaves. 
Especially characteristic of lupine poisoning are: (1) Excitement, 
leading to running about and butting into other objects; (2) con- 
vulsions, accompanying the attacks of dyspnea; and (3) heavy breath- 
ing, sometimes accompanied by snoring. 
There is considerable variation in the length of time which elapses 
between the feeding of lupine and the incidence of symptoms of poison- 
ing. In some cases symptoms appeared in 1 or 2 hours, while there 
were other cases in which nearly 24 hours passed before symptoms 
were noticed. It is evident that rumination does not necessarily 
precede the symptoms; in fact, there was no evidence that rumination 
occurred in any of the experimental sheep, although as they were not 
under constant observation it could not be said positively that rumi- 
nation never took place. 
It can be seen from the experimental work that sheep upon the 
range, when poisoned by lupine, may not exhibit symptoms until 
they have left the source of their trouble far behind. — 
In the autopsies, the peripheral blood vessels were found strongly 
congested. The left heart was usually strongly contracted, and upon 
the surface of the heart in most cases were petechiz. The lungs were 
congested, and sometimes the liver. The blood vessels of the brain 
were somewhat congested, and generally the blood vessels of the inner 
wall of the ileum were more or less congested. 
The immediate cause of death is evidently respiratory paralysis. 
Death may follow very quickly after the first symptoms, or the ani- 
mals may live for 2 or 3 days. 
As noted in the description of the experiments of intraperitoneal 
injection of lupine extracts in mice, the animals died of respiratory 
paralysis, showing symptoms which were comparable with those ex- 
hibited by sheep. 
The preceding details of symptoms are those exhibited by sheep. 
The experiments with horses were so few that no complete picture 
can be given. The distinct symptoms noted were twitching of the 
surface muscles, constipation, dullness, and a tendency when walking 
to lift the fore feet high. 
Dr. A. D. Knowles, of Butte, Mont., has recently treated some 
interesting cases of lupine poisoning of horses. Dr. Knowles has 
made a very careful study of these cases and has done some experi- 
mental feeding, making autopsies and having microscopic prepara- 
tions made of the diseased organs. ‘These horses exhibited symptoms 
