LUPINES AS POISONOUS PLANTS. 41 
were bedded down. They were up and feeding again at 12.15 a. m. 
and were grazing most of the time until 6.30 a. m., with the excep- 
tion of the hour from 4 to 5. To the disappointment of the observ- 
ers none of the animals was poisoned. It was noticed, however, 
that while a good deal of lupine was eaten they did not take to it 
greedily and preferred the grass, which was in fair abundance. 
In thinking over the experiment later, it seemed probable that the 
fact that the sheep were allowed to feed freely, combined with the 
abundance of grass, might explain the lack of results. It was there- 
fore decided to repeat the experiment with the difference that the 
sheep should not be allowed to feed freely upon a lupine patch, but 
_ should be kept moving back and forth, the idea being that in this 
way they might snatch at the lupine as the most prominent plant. 
An experiment of this kind was tried July 31, 1914. Thirty-six 
| sheep were corralled at night and kept in until 2 p.m. the next day 
with no food. At 2 p.m. they were driven about a mile to a lupine 
patch having an abundance of pods and seed. It proved to be an 
unfavorable time for such an experiment, for it was very hot and the 
sheep would not feed until about 7 p.m. They grazed until about 
8p.m. and were kept on the move all this time. They were driven 
| back to the corrals. The time of grazing was so short that it was 
assumed the experiment was a failure, and the sheep were not ob- 
served during the night. The next morning sheep No. 241, which 
had been observed as one of those eating the most lupine, was found 
down, and a little later it died, the symptoms and autopsy indicat- 
ing that it was, without doubt, a lupine victim. The outcome of this 
experiment was considered to be a confirmation of the general ex- 
_ planation of range poisoning as given before. 
TREATMENT OF RANGE ANIMALS TO AVOID POISONING. 
From what has been said of the conditions under which range poi- 
soning occurs, it is evident that much of the loss can be prevented by 
proper management of the bands. 
Sheep should never be taken from the cars to a pasture having 
| much lupine. It is cheaper to buy hay. After long drives with 
insufficient forage avoid grazing grounds which are covered with 
lupine. If it is necessary to drive sheep over lupine patches, do not 
hurry them, but allow them to spréad out and drift across. Special 
care should be taken in the fall, when the grass may be covered by a 
fall of snow. In the treatment of the flocks remember the general 
1 fact, which is applicable in regard to all poisonous plants, that well- 
fed sheep are not likely to eat injurious plants. Conditions under 
which sheep get ravenously hungry should, if possible, be avoided. 
Herders should recognize the fact that the pods and seeds are espe- 
cially poisonous and that, consequently, poisoning is more likely to 
