ar 
age 
LUPINES AS POISONOUS PLANTS. 13 
3. No ictrogen was found in any of the six specimens. 
4. The toxic constituents are alkaloidal and seem to agree with 
those of the European species. 
5. These alkaloids produce a stimulation and then a paralysis of the 
| following structures: The respiratory and vasomotor centers, some 
convulsive centers, the vagus end mechanism, and perhaps the 
vagus center. Large doses given intravenously paralyze the heart 
muscle. The convulsions do not appear to be purely asphyxial. 
6. Pronounced symptoms are seen only when almost fatal doses 
are given; smaller amounts do not produce any conspicuous effects. 
When death does not occur acutely, there are no late effects. Re- 
_ peated administration has no influence on the action. 
7. The cause of death is paralysis of respiration. Death occurs, 
with hypodermic administration, in 12 minutes to 24 hours; when 
_ given by stomach, in 10 minutes to 3} hours. The symptoms set in 
only shortly before death. 
8. The fatal doses for rabbits by the stomach, figured for the 
original drugs, are as follows: For the seed of Lupinus sericeus and 
L. leucophyllus, between 30 and 50 grams per kg.; for the seed of L. 
cyaneus, between 70 and 100 grams per kg.; for the hulls of L. cya- 
neus, and L. sericeus, over 100 grams per ke. 
9. The fatal dose of the crude alkaloid for rabbits, gastric admin- 
istration, lies between 1.2 and 2.4 grams per keg.; for rabbits, hypo- 
dermic administration, between 0.123 and 0.246 gram per kg.; for 
guinea pigs, hypodermic administration, between 0.062 and 0.1 gram 
per ke.; for dogs, intravenous administration, about 0.012 gram 
per ke. 
10. The fatal dose for rabbits is between 5 and 10 times as large 
when the alkaloids are given by the stomach as when given intrave- 
nously. Guinea pigs are more susceptible to the alkaloids than 
_ rabbits when the solutions are administered hypodermically. 
11. In the treatment of the poisoning, artificial respiration was 
found useless. Good results were obtained with potassium perman- 
ganate, diuretin, and tea. 
FIELD EXPERIMENTS WITH LUPINES. 
Field experiments with domestic animals have been carried on for 
six years—in 1909, 1910, and 1911 at Mount Carbon, Colo., and in 
1912, 1913, and 1914 at Greycliff, Mont. Two species, Lupinus 
comatus and L. myrianthus, were used at the Mount Carbon station. 
At Greycliff most of the work was done with two local species, L. 
leucopsis and L. argenteus, but two feedings were made with L. 
leucophyllus collected in Idaho in the Caribou National Forest. Not 
only were different species used, but feedings were made of different 
parts of the plants and also with the plants at different stages of 
- growth. 
