6 BULLETIN 405, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
obtained a substance that showed a beginning of crystallization, 
which he called lupin. Beyer (1871), found an alkaloid in lupine 
from a study of Lupinus luteus. Baumert issued a series of papers 
from 1881 to 1889. Baumert (1886) summarizes the knowledge to 
date and announces definitely the presence of two alkaloids in Iwpinus 
luteus, lupinin (C,,H,,N,O,), and lupinidin (C,H,;N). Schmidt (1897), 
Davis (1897), Callsen (1899), Schmidt (1904), and Bergh (1904) 
summarize and bring the subject to date with extensive additions 
to the detailed chemistry of the alkaloids. Schmidt (1897) states 
the alkaloids as lupinin (C,,H,,N,O,), lupinin (C,H,,N), ‘ dextro- 
rotatory-lupanin” (C,,;H,,N,O), and inactive lupanin (C,,H,,N,O,). 
These are found in the lupines examined, as follows: 
Lupinus: aneustitoltus:. 22.2.4 5.5 ee dextrorotatory-lupanin. 
Tapinus.albusse 2 ct ae ce ee { dextrorotatory-lupanin. 
aa inactive lupanin. 
upmus luteust 2." aes ee ote se 
lupinidin. 
Lupinus niger... te. a 2 ee 
lupinidin. 
Lupinus perenitss seg ose ee dextrorotatory-lupanin. 
Lupinidin is identical with spartein C,;H,,N, (Muenk, 1914, p. 394). 
Callsen (1899) gives an extended account of the chemistry of the 
alkaloids of Lupinus angustifolius and L. perennis. Willstitter and 
Fourneau (1902) give experimental evidence that the formula of 
lupinin is C,,H,,ON. Schmidt (1904) and Bergh (1904) in extended 
papers discuss further the alkaloids and state that another alkaloid 
is found in Lupinus perennis, oxylupanin (C,;H,,N,O,). } 
Liebscher (1880), Lowenthal (1888), and Raimondi (1891) give 
details of the pharmacology of the lupine alkaloids. The action of 
all is practically the same but differs quantitatively. Liebscher 
states that lupinidin is 10 times as active as lupinin. There is a 
direct paralysis of the medulla and cord, the respiratory center bemg 
first paralyzed, and then the vasomotor. This is accompanied by 
weakening of the heart. There is a fall in blood pressure, a slowing 
of the pulse, and dilation of the pupils. Death is produced by 
asphyxia, with which are associated convulsions. 
There is no curare action. The dose required to produce any 
symptoms is ordinarily fatal. The alkaloids are less poisonous for 
mammals than for cold-blooded animals. Small repeated doses pro- 
duce no effect, nor do they establish a condition of tolerance. 
ICTROGEN. 
Early in the investigation of the poisoning of domestic animals in 
northern Europe by lupines, causing the disease which came to be 
known as ‘‘lupinosis,” it was observed that these were not cases of 
poisoning by the recognized alkaloids of the lupines. Lupinosis has 
