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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
BULLETIN No. 405 
Joint contribution from the Bureau of Plant Industry 
WM. A. TAYLOR, Chief, and the 
Bureau of Animal Industry, A. D. MELVIN, Chief. 
Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER December 5, 1916 
LUPINES AS POISONOUS PLANTS. 
By C. D. Marsu and A. B. Cuawson, Physiologists, Drug-Plant and Poisonous-Plant 
Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry, and HapieiacH Marsu, Veterinary In- 
spector, Bureau of Animal Industry. 
CONTENTS. 
Page. Pages 
Part 1.—INTRODUCTION.....---------------- 1 | Part III.—Discussion, EtTc.—Continued. 
Summary of knowledge of lupines as Toxicity of different species of lupine.... 30 
POISOHOUS Plantse =e 3-2 ---2------ 52 1 Toxicity of lupine leaves for sheep.-..--- 30 
Disimipmtion of lupines ..-/-- =... ---- << 4 Toxicity of lupine seed for sheep...-.--.-- 31 
Common names oflupines....--...------ 4 Toxicity of lupine pods for sheep-......-.. 32 
Alkaloids oflupines...-.......-.--------- b) Toxicity of lupine fruit for sheep.....--- 32 
HeimOkene nas soles tee seer e cS Sic Sa 6 SYA pPlLOMSe LM. s sais Si aatese ae coe ee 33 
Part I1.— EXPERIMENTAL WORK....--------- iG Pathologiyerecc ccc coas este eae Se seas 36 
Pharmacological investigations by Soll- Comparison of ‘‘lupinosis”’ and poisoning 
TOROS ee AS 2s a eee 7 of sheep by American lupines. ......-. 36 
Field experiments with lupines......-... 13 Remedies sieves saiclteees eam eenye 38 
Laboratory experiments with extracts Range conditions under which sheep are 
| oflupine seed upon mice. ........- eae 25 POISONCO et ee eens asap e sees tases 39 
Part IIIl.—DiscussioN AND GENERAL CON- Treatment of range animals to avoid 
CUURTORG A823 Saas Sas Se ee ences 28 POISON Rete eee ae cetera i eee ere 41 
Failure to poison sheep in 1910, 1911, and SUMMA age ss naan nee shee cess leat 42 
HONMS SAE SIRS Se So An SS Se eee ee eee ON}: eed BaP PALURS (CHING bois SORE Sp eedeShooSaonBaeanae 43 
Lupine not a cumulative poison....-..-.- 29 
PART I.—INTRODUCTION. 
SUMMARY OF KNOWLEDGE OF LUPINES AS POISONOUS PLANTS. 
, EARLY HISTORY AND LATER STUDIES. 
The lupines have been known from very ancient times, and are 
mentioned by many authors, e. g., Theophrastus, Marcus Portius Cato 
Censorius, and Pliny. The last-named author (ed. 1856, pp. 49-50, 
452-453)! treats of the lupine at length, especially with reference to 
its use as a green manure. Several species have been used as culti- 
vated crops in Europe, more especially for the reclamation of sandy 
soils. It has been used also as a fodder crop, and the seeds ground 
NotE.—This paper will be of special interest to the stockmen of the West.” 
1 Bibliographic citations in parentheses refer to ‘‘ Literature cited,” p. 43. 
52191°—Bull. 405—16——1 
