38 BULLETIN 536, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



43. Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). 



The ordinary cultivated tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) is not generally infested 

 by C. capitata, although many adults of Bactrocera cucurbitae and certain decay flies 

 (Drosophilidae) are reared. Thus 270 ripe fruits gathered promiscuously from the 

 market gardens of Waikiki during June, 1916, yielded no adult flies when held over 

 sand in jars. Sixteen ripe fruits gathered from the market gardens of Moiliili on March 

 25, 1913, yielded the melon fly (B. curcubitae). It is interesting to note that of seven lots 

 of tomatoes collected during 1911 and early 1912 by the Hawaiian Board of Agriculture, 

 none produced adults of C. capitata. That C. capitata may be reared in numbers from 

 tomatoes under field conditions has been demonstrated by the ease with which adults 

 oviposit in both ripe and green, although well-grown, fruits in the laboratory under 

 forced conditions. Of 4 ripe tomatoes placed singly for 7 hours in jars containing about 

 200 adults, only one yielded 3 adults, although all 4 were oviposited in and contained 

 on removal from the jars an average of 13 punctures. One fruit yielding no adults 

 contained 42 punctures. From one green but well-grown fruit exposed in a jar for 7 

 hours with 200 adults, only 5 adults were reared. From six other ripe fruits similarly 

 exposed in two lots of 3 each, there emerged only 16 adults; and only 5 adults de- 

 veloped in one lot of 3 fruits containing 29 punctures in the skin. 



The currant tomato (Solanum pimpinellifolium), the grape tomato (Solanum lyco- 

 persicum), and the "popolo" tomato (Solanum nodiflorum) have never been found 

 infested. Newman writes that C. capitata has often been reported infesting tomatoes 

 and other Solanum species, but that he had never reared from them any fly in Western 

 Australia but Lonchaea splendida Loew, the tomato fruit fly — a fly which does not 

 occur in Hawaii. 



44. Lichee Nut (Litchi chinensis). 



The lichee nut (Litchi chinensis) is not infested so long as the fruits remain perfect. 

 The shell-like covering of the fruits often splits as the fruit reaches maturity, and in the 

 pulp thus exposed the adult can, and has been known to, deposit eggs. Several split 

 fruits were found infested during September, 1913. One depauperized adult was 

 reared by the Hawaiian Board of Agriculture from a split fruit during July, 1912. 

 It is possible for infestation to occur in fruits infested by the tortricid Cryptophlebia 

 illepida Btl. Seven ripe fruits, freshly picked and sound in every way, were hung in 

 jars of adult flies for a two-day period during June, 1915. An examination of them 

 after their removal proved that the flies had not been able to puncture the shell. 



45. Mango (Plates XII, XIII). 



The mango (Mangifera indica) is a favorite host of the fruit fly. In Hawaii the 

 common seedling varieties are so badly attacked that many owners are willing to have 

 the crops removed and destroyed before they ripen. Twelve fruits picked from the 

 ground in upper Manoa Valley yielded 313 adults, 95 adults emerging from one fruit. 

 Of a total of 47 fruits from the same locality taken from the ground on July 27, 25 

 yielded 423 adults. Sixteen of 33 fruits taken from the ground at the Hawaiian 

 Church, Manoa Valley, yielded no adults, but 502 were reared from the remaining 17 

 fruits. Of fruits taken from the ground on the Cooper estate, Manoa Valley, 26 of 35 

 yielded 527 adults during August. These records are fair samples of the infestation 

 of seedling sweet mangoes in the outlying districts of Honolulu, where there are many 

 wild guavas bushes. 



The mango is one of the fruits subject to attack which becomes infested only as it 

 ripens. Up to that time it is quite well protected from attack by the copious exuda- 

 tions of distasteful sap which follow attempts at oviposition. Often where the com- 

 bined attack of the mango weevil (Ci'yptorhynchus mangiferae Fab.) and fruit-fly adults 

 is severe the fruits are well stained with the exuded sap. It has been the experience 

 of the writers that very few adults can be reared from hard well-grown fruits picked 

 from or beneath trees on which many fruits are ripening and falling to the ground, 



