MEDITERRANEAN PETJIT ELY IN HAWAII. 81 



Conakry, French Guinea), D. tryoni Cameron (ex Bactrocera tryoni, New South Wales 

 and Queensland, Australia), Biosteres caudatus Szepligeti (ex Ceratitis giffardi, tritea, 

 nigerrima, anonae, antistictica, and Dacus bipartitus and brevistylus, West Africa). 



Subfamily Sigalphinae: Sigalphus dad Szepligeti (ex Dacus oleae, Transvaal). 



Subfamily Braconinae: Bracon celer Szepligeti (ex Dacus oleae, Stellenbosch and 

 Wellington, South Africa). 



PROCTOTRUPIDAE . 



Subfamily Diapriinae: Galesus silvestrii Kieffer (ex Ceratitis anonae, Olokemeji, 

 Nigeria; ex C. nigerrima, Aburi, Gold Coast; ex C. giffardi, Kotonou, Dahomey), 

 G. silvestrirobustior Silvestri (ex Ceratitis punctata, Conakry, French Guinea), Tricho- 

 pria capensis Kieffer (ex C. capitata, Constantia, Cape Colony). 



CHALCIDIDAE. 



Subfamily Chalcidinae: Dirhinus giffardii Silvestri (ex Ceratitis anonae, Olo- 

 kemeji, Nigeria), D. ehrhorni Silvestri (ex Ceratitis giffardi, Olokemeji, Nigeria). 



Subfamily Pteromalinae: Spalangia afra Silvestri (ex Ceratitis anonae, Olokemeji, 

 Nigeria). 



Subfamily Eulophinae: Tetrastichus giffardii Silvestri (ex Ceratitis antistictica, 

 giffardi, colae, and Dacus bipartitus, West Africa), T. oxyurus Silvestri (ex Ceratitis 

 tritea, Olokemeji, Nigeria), T' giffardianus Silvestri (ex Ceratitis giffardi, Nigeria and 

 Dahomey), T. dacicida Silvestri (ex Dacus bipartitus, West Africa), Syntomosphyrum 

 indicum Silvestri (ex Dacus, India). 



In addition to these, Ihering records the following parasites from Brazilian fruit 

 flies: Eucola (Hexamerocera) brasiliensis Ashmead, Biosteres brasiliensis Szepligeti, 

 B. areolatus Szepligeti, B. sp., and Opiellus trimaculatus. Gowdey states that he 

 reared a single chalcidid parasite from C. capitata pupae in one out of many attempts 

 to secure parasites. 



To the foregoing list of fruit-fly parasites should be added Pactiy- 

 crepoideus dubius, introduced by D. T, Fullaway at Honolulu from the 

 Philippines during the early part of 1914. Although a parasite of a 

 dung fly (species not recorded) and introduced to aid in the control 

 of the horn fly, it has since been reared from C. capitata pupae by the 

 writers. 



GENERAL HISTORY OF PARASITE INTRODUCTIONS. 



Attempts have been made to introduce fruit-fly parasites to control 

 Ceratitis capitata from India into Western Australia by Compere, 

 from India into South Africa via Western Australia by Lounsbury, 

 from India into Italy by Silvestri, from Brazil into South Africa by 

 Lounsbury and Fuller, and from Africa and Australia into the 

 Hawaiian Islands by the Hawaiian Board of Agriculture and Forestry. 

 So far as is at present known, these attempts have failed in all coun- 

 tries except in the Hawaiian Islands. Compere arrived at Perth, 

 Australia, on December 7, 1907, with fruit-fly pupae secured at 

 Bangalore, India. Although he reared from these pupae an esti- 

 mated 2,000,000 specimens of Syntomosphyrum indicum and 300 

 specimens representing two braconid species and was able to make 

 numerous liberations in badly affected areas, the West Australian 

 81340°— 18— Bull. 536 6 



