82 BULLETIN 536, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



fruit growers have received no appreciable benefit. Newman, in 

 1908, stated that he had collected in the field during that year pupae 

 of C. capitata parasitized by the introduced parasites. In 1909 he 

 stated, however, that the chalcid and braconid parasites, although 

 liberated for over 15 months, had not yet produced evident results, 

 and in 1911 he wrote that although Syntomospliyrum indicum had 

 been reared and liberated in large numbers during the previous four 

 years, it did not appear to be established and there seemed little 

 prospect of favorable results. 



In 1905 Lounsbury and Fuller investigated fruit-fly conditions in 

 Brazil and secured parasitized pupae of Anastreplia fratercula, but 

 they were unable to reach South Africa with living parasites. Para- 

 sitized pupae of C. capitata were sent from Western Australia to Dur- 

 ban and Cape Town during 1908, but Lounsbury reported in 1909 

 that the introduction was unsuccessful. Silvestri, on his return in 

 1913 to Hawaii from West Africa, left in South Africa specimens of 

 Dirhinus and Galesus, but they were unable to survive the following 

 winter according to Lounsbury. Silvestri states that although he 

 introduced Syntomosphyrum indicum into Calabria, Italy, he had not 

 been able to prove that it had become established. 



INTRODUCTION OF PARASITES INTO HAWAII. 



The search for and discovery, the introduction, and subsequent 

 establishment of parasites of Ceratitis capitata in the Hawaiian Islands 

 form an interesting and important chapter in the history of this world- 

 Wide pest. The writers are able to state definitely, as a result of 

 their biological work between September, 1912, and May, 1913, that 

 no parasites of Ceratitis capitata were present in Hawaii up to the time 

 when the first introductions were made in May, 1913, if we except the 

 Spalangia sp. referred to on page 80 (footnote). At the present time, 

 January 1, 1916, all larval parasites (Opius fiumilis, Diachasma tryoni, 

 D.fulluwayi, and Tetrastichus giffardianus) that have been liberated 

 are being recovered in the field, and practically every lot of larvae 

 reared from samples of fruit collected in the littoral regions are found 

 to be parasitized by one or more parasites. From exceptional lots all 

 four parasites have been reared. The two pupal parasites, the proc- 

 totrupid Galesus silvestrii and the chalcid Dirhinus giffardii, have 

 never been recovered by the writers and will not be the subject of 

 further discussion. 



The parasites at present attacking Ceratitis capitata in Hawaii have 

 been introduced by the Hawaiian Board of Agriculture and Forestry. 

 Much credit is due Mr. W. M. Giffard, who, as president of this board, 

 was able to make arrangements for the Silvestri and the Fullaway- 

 Bridwell expeditions to Africa. Dr. Silvestri set out from Italy during 



