2 BULLETIN 429, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



This bulletin deals with the life history and habits of the codling 

 moth, giving the results of observations in 1912 and 1913. Results 

 of spraying operations during those years have been given in Bulletin 

 No. 88 of this department. Subsequent experiments in orchards 

 will be reserved for a later publication. 



During the season of 1912 investigations were conducted by Mr. 

 A. G. Ham mar, assisted by Mr. E. R. Van Leeuwen. Mr. Hammar 

 was also in charge of the work during 1913 and was assisted by Mr. 

 L. L. Scott and the junior author. Messrs. R. J. Fiske and H. G. 

 Ingerson rendered valuable assistance in connection with the prepara- 

 tion of the tables in the present paper. Owing to the death of Mr. 

 Hammar it devolved upon the writers to prepare for publication 

 the results of his studies and experiments. 



DEFINITION OF TERMS USED. 



The terms used herein are practically identical with those em- 

 ployed in recent former publications of the Bureau of Entomology 

 on the codling moth. Thus the term " brood" is used in speaking 

 of individuals of one generation of any stage, as egg, larva, or pupa. 

 A " generation" is considered to begin with the egg stage and to 

 terminate with the moth, or imago, stage of the same generation, 

 thus including all the stages of the life cycle. The " complete life 

 cycle" includes the time from the deposition of the egg of one genera- 

 tion to the time of deposition of the egg of the next generation. 



Since the wintering larvae of the codling moth in the Pecos Valley 

 (as well as in other localities where there is even a partial second 

 brood of larvae) are from the different broods produced throughout 

 the same season, they are referred to collectively as " wintering 

 larvaB," and include all the larvae which do not transform the same 

 season as hatched. 



Similarly, the overwintering larvae when transformed in the 

 spring to pupae may be suitably referred to as "spring pupae" and 

 the resulting moths as "spring moths." 



The terms used in designating the separate stages may be defined 

 as follows : 



Wintering larvse may include larvae of the first, second, third, and fourth broods of 



the preceding season. 

 The spring brood of pupae include pupse resulting from overwintering larvse. 

 The spring brood of moths include moths emerging from the spring brood of pupse. 

 The first generation includes: 



The first brood of eggs; 



The first brood of larvse, which includes both transforming larvse and wintering 

 larvse; 



The first brood of pupae, resulting from transforming larvse; 



The first brood of moths, which emerge from transforming pupse of the same genera- 

 tion. 



