THE APPLE LEAF-SEWER. 13 



at the lateral posterior angles. This last character serves as a ready 

 means of identification. 



The larval feeding period varies from 125 to 141 days. 



The larva hibernates upon the ground within the fallen leaf, and 

 while in this state is able to withstand wide extremes of moisture and 

 temperature. 



When first formed the pupa is a dark yellowish brown, some por- 

 tions later changing to black, mottled with yellow. 



The moth is grayish brown and measures about 18 mm. across the 

 expanded wings. 



In the latitude of northern Virginia, in a normal season, pupation 

 begins about April 20, or possibly a little before, depending on the 

 relative lateness of the season. The larva pupates within the folded 

 leaf upon the ground. The average pupal period of the wintering 

 larva of the apple leaf-sewer at Winchester, Va., in 1915, was 26.05 

 days. 



In 1915, the moths continued to emerge from May 7 until June 8. 

 They began to deposit eggs upon the apple f oliage in from one to two 

 days after emergence. Oviposition lasted from 5 to 13 days, and the 

 moths averaged 65 eggs each. They lived from 5 to 18 days, aver- 

 aging 10.3 days. 



The moths are active during the day, especially during the morning, 

 at which time they appear to deposit most of their eggs. 



The principal insect enemy of the apple leaf-sewer in Virginia 

 appears to bePseudomphale ancylae Girault, n. sp. [MSS.], of the family 

 Chalcididae. 



At all times during the larval stage, the apple leaf-sewer is very 

 susceptible to arsenical sprays. Arsenate of lead should be used at 

 the rate of 2 pounds to 50 gallons of water. Bearing orchards 

 receiving the customary spraying for the codling moth usually escape 

 injury from the apple leaf-sewer. Young orchards should receive an 

 arsenical spray as soon as the insect appears in numbers sufficient 

 to cause serious damage. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. 



Clemens, B. 



1861. Contributions to American Lepidopterology. — No. 6. Tineina. Fanu 

 Tortricidae. In Froc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Fhila., 18C0, v. 12, p. £45-362. 

 r escribed as Anchylopera nubeculana, p. 349. 



Zeller, P. C. 



1876. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der nordamericanischen Nachtf alter, besonders 

 der Microlepidopteren. In Verhandl. K. K. Zool. Bot. Gesell.Wien, 

 1875, v. 25, p. 207-360. 



Described as Phoxoptcris nubeculana, p. 249. 



BlLET, C. V. 



1879. Report of the entomologist. In Ann. Rpt. Comr. Agr., 1878, p. 207-257, 

 7 pi. 



Chapin's apple-leaf-sewer (Phoxopteris nubeculana, Clem.), p. 239-240. 



