10 BULLETIN 7CO, II. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



Additional references (arranged chronologically). 



Coville, Frederick V. Forest Growth and Sheep Grazing in the Cascade Moun- 

 tains of Oregon. U. S. Division of Forestry, Bulletin 15, 1898. 



Lamson-Scribner, F. Economic Grasses. U. S. Division of Agrostology, Bulle- 

 tin 14, 1900. 



Sampson, Arthur W. r and Dayton, W. A. Relation of Grazing to Timber Repro- 

 duction, Shasta National Forest. U. S. Forest Service, Review Forest Service 

 Investigations, vol. 2, pp. 18-24, 1913. 



Barnes, Will C. Stock-Watering Places on Western Grazing Lands. U. S. 

 Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin 592, 1914. 



V. S. Forest Service, Office of Grazing Studies. Notes on National Forest Range 

 Plants, Part I, Grasses, 1914. 



Jardine, James T. Grazing Sheep on Range Without Water. National Wool 

 Grower, vol. 5, No. 6, pp. 7-10, September, 1915. 



Jardine, James T., and Hurtt, L. C. Increased Cattle Production on South- 

 western Ranges. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bulletin 588, 1917. 



Hill. Robert R. Effects of Grazing Upon Western Yellow Pine Reproduction in 

 the National Forests of Arizona and New Mexico. U. S. Department of Agri- 

 culture, Bulletin 580, 1917. 



Sampson, Arthur W. Important Range Plants. U. S. Department of Agricul- 

 ture, Bulletin 545, 1917. 



Glover, G. H., and Newsom, I. E. Brisket Disease. Colorado Agricultural 

 Experiment Station. Bulletin 229, 1917. 



Sparhawk, W. N. Effect of Grazing Upon Western Yellow Pine Reproduction 

 in Central Idaho. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bulletin 738, 1918. 



Sampson, Arthur W. Effect of Grazing Upon Aspen Reproduction. U. S. De- 

 partment of Agriculture, Bulletin 741, 1919. 



Chapline, W. R. Production of Goats on Far Western Ranges. U. S. Depart- 

 ment of Agriculture, Bulletin 749, 1919. 



GRAZING PERIODS. 



PREMATURE GRAZING. 



Ill establishing grazing periods the first care should be to prevent 

 damage to the range through premature use. In doing this there can 

 be none but fancied wrong done the live-stock interests. The perma- 

 nent welfare of the live-stock business itself demands that the grazing 

 seasons should not begin too early, because the maintenance of the 

 maximum permanent carrying capacity of the range is identical with 

 the permanent welfare of the communities or individuals depending 

 upon the range. 



Premature grazing was undoubtedly one of the foremost causes of 

 the deterioration of range lands prior to regulated grazing; and the 

 fixing of grazing periods on the lands within the National Forests has 

 had as much to do with range improvement as reductions in number 

 of stock, if not more. There is much to be clone in adjusting the graz- 

 ing periods so as to fit the requirements of all range covered by each 

 period. 



The growing herbage might be called a laboratory where plant 

 nutrients are prepared. Repeated removal of this herbage year after 

 year during the early part of the growing season destroys this labora- 

 tory, and by doing so robs the vegetation of nourishment. As a result 

 the vitality of the forage plants is lowered, the forage production is 

 reduced, and the weakened plants are unable to produce fertile seed. 



