RANGE MANAGEMENT ON THE NATIONAL FORESTS. 55 



Fleming,. C. E. "Blanket " System of Handling Sheep on tlie Madison National 

 Forest.. National Wool Grower, vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 7-10, May, 1915. 1 



Douglas, L. H. The " Bedding Out " System of Handling Sheep on the Big- 

 horn National Forest, Wyoming. National Wool Grower, vol. 5, No. 6, 

 pp. 13-16. June, 1915. 1 



Martineau, Bryant S. Handling Sheep on Timber and Brush Ranges of Idaho. 

 . National Wool Grower, vol. 5, No. 7, pp. 7-11, July, 191 5. 1 



Jardine. James T. Grazing Sheep ou Range Without Water. National Wool 

 Grower, vol. 5, No. 9, pp 7-10, September, 1915. 1 



Hill, Robert R. Lambing Methods on National Forests in the Southwest. Na- 

 tional Wool Grower, vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 7-10, March, 1916. 1 



Barnes. Will C, and Jardine, James T. Live-stock Production in the Eleven 

 Far Western Range States. U. 8k. Department of Agriculture, Office of the 

 Secretary, Rept. 110, Part II, 1916. 



Marshall, F. R., and Millin, R. B. Farm Sheep Raising for Beginners. IT. S. 

 Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin 840, 1917. 



Extension Service, University of Wisconsin. Shepherd's Calendar. American 

 Sheep Breeder, vol. 37. No. 8, p. 469, Auugst, 1917. 



Ritzman, E. G. Nature and Rate of Growth of Lambs During the First Year. 

 U. S. Department of Agriculture, Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 11, 

 No. 11, pp. 607-624, Dec. 10, 1917. 



Fleming, C. E. One-nigth Camps v. Established Bed-grounds on Nevada Sheep 

 Ranges. Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 94, 1918. 



STOCK DRIVEWAYS. 



During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1917, a total of 2,176 permits 

 were issued, allowing 56,954 head of cattle, 1,148 head of horses, 

 3,385,429 sheep, and 47,897 goats to cross National Forest lands 

 en route to and from the ranges used by the respective permittees. 

 The number of stock which uses the National Forest lands in this 

 capacity varies little from year to year. There may be a slight 

 decrease in the future, but it will be necessary to provide crossing 

 privileges for at least 3,000,000 head of stock each year for a number 

 of years, and for nearly this number permanently. The distances 

 that the stock are driven vary from perhaps less than 1 mile to about 

 125 miles. It is evident, therefore,, that a considerable acreage must 

 be devoted to this phase of range utilization. It is equally evident 

 that on every National Forest where grazing is an important activity 

 a great deal of attention should be given to getting the stock to their 

 allotted range with the least injury to timber growth, watersheds, 

 and the range, and with the minimum interference with proper graz- 

 ing use of range along the way. 



Driveways have been established over portions of the National For- 

 ests where it is necessary for stock to cross regularly. Many of these 

 driveways have been in use for a number of years and show the ill 

 effects of premature grazing, overgrazing, and trampling. Hill, 2 for 

 example, reported on this subject as follows : 



One of the most serious menaces to reproduction (western yellow pine), as 

 well as to range, occurs on stock driveways. Even at best an excessive number 



1 A few reprints available in the Forest Serviee, Washington, D. C. 



2 Hill, Robert R. Effects of Grazing upon Western Yellow Pine Reproduction in the 

 National Forests of Arizona and New Mexico. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bui. 580, 1917. 



