THE NAVEL ORANGE OF BAHIA. idl 
were formerly starved, unhealthy, and unproductive are said to have 
been brought back to a state of health and fruitfulness by the use of 
manure. 
Dairying in connection with orange culture is an interesting fea- 
ture of the Bahia orange industry. The milk is sold in the city at a 
very profitable price, usually 25 cents a quart at retail and 15 cents 
at wholesale. The manure is used on the orchards and in every case 
is said to have had a marked effect in increasing the production and 
health of the trees. 
As a rule, little pruning is practiced. When the trees become old 
“and seriously weakened by the ravages of gum disease they are often- 
renewed by allowing the suckers which start up from the trunk 
above the union of the stock and scion to form a new top; in fact, 
it might be called a new tree. The old trunks are either allowed to 
rot off or are cut away. Having a large and established root sys- 
tem, the suckers make rapid growth and often begin to bear fruit 
within two or three years. 
The orchards usually come into bearing within two or three years 
after planting. The oldest known trees in Bahia were planted over 
40 years ago and are still producing good crops of fruit. 
ENEMIES OF THE ORANGE TREE IN BRAZIL. 
In the older orchards many of the trees are affected by gum dis- 
ease, which seriously impairs their health and eventually kills them 
or results in their having to be renewed by the production of suckers 
from below the affected region on the trunk. 
Chlorosis, or mottle-leaf, exists in many of the orchards, but the 
growers take no cognizance of its existence as a disease. They con- 
sider it a constitutional weakness of the tree due to a lack of proper 
nourishment. 
A parasitic vinelike shrub known as herva de passarinho, a species 
of Phoradendron, is frequently found on the trees and has to be re- 
moved. If allowed to remain, it will in time smother the tree. Sev- 
eral epiphytic plants of the order Bromeliacex are also occasionally 
found on orange trees, but do not, it is believed, cause any appre- 
ciable injury and are easily removed. The trunks of the trees, espe- 
cially in the older orchards, are covered with lichens, algze, and other 
low forms of plant life, none of which apparently does any very seri- 
ous harm. 
Scale insects of several species are prevalent, but seem to be held 
in check by some natural agency and do not as a general thing 
appear to produce serious results. Practically the only insect which 
is an actual menace to the industry and against which combative 
measures are taken is the sativa or satiba ant (Adtéa sp.). 
