4 BULLETIN 445, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
At the present time nearly the entire crop is consumed locally. 
While small shipments are made to Rio de Janeiro and the steamers 
which call at Bahia usually take on oranges for use on board, an 
established trade has not been developed. Yet new orchards are be- 
ing planted every year and the growers seem to be awakening to the 
possibility of developing a vastly larger and more profitable indus- 
try, with the hope of building up an export trade which will include 
not only Europe but eventually the United States as well. Because 
of superior transportation facilities, the European markets are likely 
to be entered first. In the past the high cost of transportation, 
crude methods of packing and handling, and other factors have pro- 
hibited exportation to distant countries. With fast steamers and 
the introduction of modern methods of packing and shipping there 
seems no reason why Bahia should not enter the export field. 
The cultivation of this variety in Brazil is not limited to the State 
of Bahia. It has been planted in other parts of the Republic, but 
in nearly all cases less extensively than at Bahia itself. Commer- 
cial orchards are said to exist in the States of Sao Paulo and Rio 
Grande do Sul. In orchards around Rio de Janeiro the variety is 
very rarely grown. 
INTRODUCTION OF THE WASHINGTON NAVEL ORANGE OF BAHIA 
INTO THE UNITED STATES. 
The United States owes the successful introduction of the navel 
orange to the late William Saunders, Horticulturist, Landscape Gar- 
dener, and Superintendent of Gardens and Grounds of the United 
States Department of Agriculture. It is not certain, however, that 
the trees which were introduced by Mr. Saunders were the first which 
had been brought to the United States, though they were the first to 
come into successful bearing. The late Thomas Hogg, of New York, 
in an account published in 1888, stated that about 1838 a wealthy 
Scotch planter in Brazil determined to manumit his slaves and re- 
move with them to the United States. He settled on an island in 
middle or southern Florida and then returned to Brazil and secured 
a collection of plants for introduction, which he consigned to Mr. 
Hogg, who at that time conducted a nursery at the corner of Broad- 
way and Twenty-third Street, New York. Among these plants were 
several navel-orange trees. After the plants had been held in a 
greenhouse for a year, in order to allow them to recover from the 
effects of the long sea voyage which they had undergone, they were 
forwarded to the owner in Florida. During the Seminole War the 
owner was charged with giving aid and comfort to the enemy, and 
the entire collection of plants was destroyed by the United States 
troops. The owner then moved to Haiti. 
