PHYTOGRAPHIC EXPRESSIONS AND ARRANGEMENTS. 203 



Cruciferce ; further that one Tasmanian species of Eriostemon has 

 normally tetramerous flowers, that one Indian congener of 

 Eugenia shows always scattered leaves, and that one New Zealand 

 species of Drosera has quite perigynous stamens. 



In transferring Viniferae to the vicinity of Rharcmacese, as 

 devised by Baillon, and more particularly to the proximity of 

 Araliacea^, as simultaneously and independently recognized by 

 Planchon and myself, we have to consider the enlarging fruit as 

 placed superiorly merely through the small calyx remaining 

 stationary in its development, an analogous case being presented 

 by Exocarpos, thus far anomalous in the order of Santalacese. To 

 the altered position which Elatinese, Plumbaginese, Thyineleae, and 

 Plantaginese have received, reference is made in my former writings. 



Further alterations may hereafter yet be effected in the positions 

 of some of the orders and particularly also genera. Certainly 

 Ceratophyllum will have to be placed with ordinal rank between 

 Cabombea3 and the Batrachium-section of Ranunculaceae, as 

 indicated long ago by Asa Gray and quite recently carried out 

 by Engler, but on an interpretation of its floral organs, different 

 to that previously given to it. 80 also may Rajas perhaps need 

 a transfer to Hydrocharideas, its achlamydeous pistillate flowers 

 rendering the perigynism an impossibility, just as in the perhaps 

 halorageous Callitriche. Loranthaceae and Proteacese are left 

 closely together ; their near affinity is further demonstrated in 

 quite an unexpected manner by the pluricotyledonar embryo of 

 some of the Persoonias and of Ruytsia above alluded to, the 

 latter having three to four cotyledons, or according to Drummond, 

 several. (Hook., Journ. ii., 34, F.v.M., Fragm. vi., 252). That 

 mere resemblance may however be deceptive, is shown by the 

 genus Jacksonia, the species of which on hurried inspection might 

 easily be taken for proteaceous plants. The flowers of Santalace.se- 

 so far as their floral envelope is concerned, might be compared to 

 those of such Rubiacese, which have a lobe-less calyx. In 

 assigning to Proteacese petals, as has been done in the more recent 

 writings of mine, we need not take our clue from comparisons 

 with Loranthacese alone, because the genera Acacia, Asterolasia and 

 Rhododendron, have in some or many species their calyx also 

 undeveloped ; Anemone and Caltha, — to speak only of genera 

 represented in Australia — are rather esepalous than apetalous. 

 Diplolama is also devoid of a calyx, and many other instances 

 might be referred to pertaining to this subject of systematology. 

 Laurinese are often far removed from Magnoliacea3 and Anonacere, 

 but the aromatic properties, largely developed in these orders, 

 point already to near cognateness. 



The unison of the epigynous with the perigynous main groups, 

 adhered to in later writings of mine, was effected already as early 



