THE LATIN VERB JUBERE. 353 



puffed cheeks and staring eyes 1 We have heard that there is a 

 man in the moon, and, if we may trust our boyhood's nursery tales, 

 he sometimes opens his little wicket, when stray visitors from our 

 planet go so far, and speaks to them ; but have our astronomers 

 ever seen a man in the sun, and can he speak 1 If they cannot 

 tell, an answer will be given by the student of language. From 

 it we learn that the ancient makers of language regarded the sun 

 as the all-seeing one, the eye of Dyauspitar, the eye of heaven ; 

 hence in the Egyptian hieroglyphics the picture of an eye is the 

 symbol for the sun. Now, they noticed that just as the sun gives 

 forth rays all flowing in regular order from one central spot, so 

 words proceed from the speaker all in orderly array, and issuing 

 from one common source, the mouth. * Thus to speak and to shine 

 came to be expressed by the same word.f Indeed the English 

 word " speak " is a proof in point ; for our dictionaries tell us that 

 it means to utter words, or articulate sounds, in order ; and they 

 connect it with the Italian word spiccare, "to shine, to shoot 

 forth rays." The same word is seen in the expression " spick and 

 span," = bright, shining, new. 



To sum up the principles which we have recently ascertained, I 

 would remind you that (s) bh initial is in sound equivalent to v 

 or f, the Greek digamma, and that dh initial sounds h ; both bh 

 and dh between vowels are often quiescent, and may be dropped 

 at the beginning of words ; (^) b and m are cognate sounds ; (u) 

 syllables are added to words to form verbs, nouns, participles, &c; 

 thus, the I.-K. adds air for verbs and nouns, a in, an or inn, for 

 nouns, and ad h, aidh, oidh, uidh, for participles ; in fact the 

 participle is a noun, and to it an additional syllable may be given 

 for word-building purposes. 



VIII. Having now established the principles (a to u) on which 

 the changes in our root-syllable proceed, and their effect in word- 

 building, I will, in this paragraph, write down a list of the most 

 common cognates of the Latin verb jubere as found in various 

 languages, and I divide them into classes according to the 

 significations which Gesenius gives to the H. verb dabar. He 

 says that the primary power of this word is that of — 



1. Setting in order, ranging in order. 



Cf. E. order, regular arrangement, rule; I.-K. ordugh, 

 arrangement; earr, array; earr-adh, armour, clothing; 



* The Latin noun radius (see page 357) is another illustration, for 

 it means both " a ray of light " and the spoke of a wheel." This helps 

 to show why the figure of a wheel was used in the old almanacs as a 

 symbol for the sun. 



f This explains the divergence of meaning among the derivatives of 

 the Gr. root-verb phao; for phao gives pheini, "I say/' but also 

 p h a i n o, " I show," and phaeinos, " shining." 



W— December 5. 1888. 



