THE LATIN VERB JUBERE. 355 



desire; (e) to guard, restrain; cf. I.-K. arach, restraint, 

 authority ; C. arc li a do, to guard ; (f) to utter a song ; cf. 

 I.-K. abhran, rann, dan, duain, a song; duanog, 

 luanog, a sonnet, bardachcl, a song ; C. g wa w d, a song 

 of praise ; mockery (cf. dar); E. tabor, a musical instru- 

 ment ; E. bard. 



8. To pronounce sentence, to condemn. 



Cf. I.-K. breith, a judge; barn, a judge, a battle; claor, to 

 sentence, doom; raidh, a judge, an appeal ; C. barnu, to 

 judge; bar n, judgment, a sentence ; b r a w d i o, to pronounce 

 judgment; defryd, a verdict, sentence; dyfarnu, to 

 condemn. 



9. Hebrew derivatives from dabar also mean — (a) a word; 

 cf. I.-K. brat liar, duan, briathair, a word ; C. gair, 

 a word, g e i r d a, a good report, fame, praise ; g e i r f a, a 

 vocabulary; geiriol, wordy, garrulous ; L. fama, report, 

 fame; laus, praise; Ar. lafz, a word, speech ; H. dabhar, 

 a word; (b) discourse; cf. I.-K. labhairt, a talk; C. 

 s i a r a d , talking, a talk ; (c) a precept ; cf . I.-K. reachd, 

 riaghail, a precept ; C. arch, a request, demand ; (d) 

 an edict; cf. I.-K. ordugh, reachd, an edict ; (e) counsel ; 

 cf. I.-K. com hair le, advice; si or, advice; (f) a rumour; 

 cf . I.-K. r a d h , i o m-r a d h , a rumour ; C. g a i r, a rumour ; 

 Ar.-P. khaber, news, intelligence; (g) (that which is 

 spoken), a thing, a thing done ; cf. I.-K. obair, aclhbhar, 

 graclh, rud, rod, a thing ; like the Norse, ding, a thing, 

 which originally meant a discourse; L. res, a thing; (h).a- 

 cause, a reason ; cf . I.-K. m e a m-h air, brigh, adhbhar, 

 aobhar, a reason ; tabhair, to reason ; L. ratio, a reason. 



IX. I wish now to prove that the I.-K. forms dhubair, abair, 

 their and radh, used in conjugating the verb to speak, are, all 

 of them, modifications of the same root from which these cognate 

 words come, and that root is gab or dab. And this is prima 

 facie possible, for such verbs are the current coin of every day life 

 and, like the numerals, the pronouns, the substantive verb and 

 some other verbs, are in constant use, and, by attrition, become 

 much corrupted and disguised because of the frequency and rapidity 

 of their utterance. To prove that (1) dhubair is a stem, I cite 

 from the list the words d h u b a i r-t, 1 a b h a i r-t , tabhair, 

 llafar-u, daor and duan. Of these only two require explan- 

 ation; daor is for da-bh-air (m) and duan is for da-bh-ain (in). 

 I think that the S. verb vad "to speak, address," (cf. Gr. hucl-eo) 

 and, in its compounds, " to command, reprove, declare, play on 

 an instrument," is only the root-form dabh (dav) transposed, for 

 while the 8. says vad, a musical instrument, the P. says daf. I 

 tike dab, dabh, and not vad, to be the original form, for the 



