358 THE LATIN VERB JUBERE. 



from gabhair, gofyn, gwawd ; from abair, ebirt (found in old 

 Irish MSS. by O'Clery), abravit, bru ; from radh, radh, 

 radius, rada, rasm, rath, rathya, and rann for radhainn. 

 Bard is for abairadh, and brawdio is from bard; rheol is 

 forriaghail; arch is for argh ( = ragh or radh); iomain is 

 for dham-ain, and dan for da.bh-ain; laus is for labhadd; 

 brigh is for abairaigh. 



X. Having thus, as I think, proved that in I.-K. the conjuga- 

 tion forms in question, viz., dhubairt, abair, their and radh, 

 are simply corruptions and adaptations of the primitive root gab, 

 dab, I will now introduce some explanations of several of the 

 words given in the lists above, and some further proofs that the 

 Latin verb j u b e r e is taken from a root that means to " speak, 

 to say." 



(1) The root gam, "to love," already mentioned, is evidently 

 the same word as the L. amo; so our gam may become am, amh, 

 av; hence I consider it probable that the Gr. verb oiomai, "I 

 think," (as if aiv-omai), comes from am, especially as the EL verb 

 a mar means not only " to say " but also " to say in one's self, to 

 think," and this is exactly the force of the Middle Voice in o i o m a i. 

 The L. aio, "I say," also belongs here, although it is usually taken 

 from a root ag, as in L. ad-ag-ium. Again, if I affix to am the 

 C. participial form add, I have am add, which is the C. me del, 

 "says," and the C. verb meddwl, "to think, to suppose," and 

 meddyd, "to say." I also take the A.S. deman, "to think, to 

 suppose," E. " to deem," from our root gam, dam, as well as 

 the E. damn, "to sentence," doom, "sentence, judgment" — a 

 derivation which shows their connection with the eighth meaning 

 of dab a r, as we see it in the I.-K. breith "a judge," daor, "a 

 sentence." Our dictionaries derive the E. damn from damage, 

 but, in A.-S. Scotch, dem-ster is the " hangman," who executes 

 "sentence"; so also, the I.-K. riagh is a "gallows," riaghair, 

 " a hangman," and r i a d h-1 a n n is a " house of correction." Here 

 we observe the interchange of clh and gh, so common in the K. 

 dialects, d h being the earlier participial form. From r i a d h-1 a n n 

 I infer that riadh originally meant "punishment, correction," 

 although its meaning now is "interest, rent, hire " (cf. L. ratio). 

 From r i a g h for riadh the I.-K. has r e a c h-d, " a statute, a law, 

 command, authority," and its derivatives, some of which, as 

 r e a c h-d air, "a ruler " (L. rector), look surprisingly like loan- 

 words, but are in reality formed in a regular manner from a root 

 that is native to the K. language. And since riagh and riadh 

 ( = raidh, radh) are the same word, then riagh-ail which 

 means "to set in order" (the original sense of the root dabar), 

 " to govern, to rule," is a genuine K. word, and so is riagh, righ, 

 " a king"; although these words are so like the L. rex, regula, 



