XXXII. W. H. WARREN, 
of a certain temperature, they may be applied after cold harden- 
ing, or after cutting. Closely allied with the foregoing tests are 
those made by forging, stamping, bending into hooks, boring, 
pressing, flattening, welding, and enlarging upon mandrels. 
SpEcIAL TEsts. 
Special tests, such as those made upon finished pieces, wire 
ropes, chains, pipes, tubes and boilers. 
In the case of wire ropes the wires should be tested in tension, 
folding, winding, and torsion. The folding should be done on a 
mandrel, twice the diameter of the wire, by bending the wire 
alternately in opposite directions. Tests of the wire rope should 
also be made to ascertain its strength and flexibility, and the 
Commissions have suggested also a shock test applied along the 
axis of the rope. Tests of chains are of two kinds.—First: A 
gradually applied load continued up to the point of rupture, 
stopping merely to obtain measurements of the elastic and per- 
manent deformations. Secondly: A proof load equal to the 
maximum working load, with careful examination and measure- 
ments to ascertain the change in form of the links under stress. 
Tests of pipes, tubes, and boilers should be made with hydraulic 
pressure up to the maximum working loads, and the deformations 
under stress should be carefully measured. 
Temperature tests are very important and further experiments 
are necessary, but time will not allow of their consideration in 
this paper. The author hopes to be able to discuss these tests in 
a future paper. 
