KUNGL. SV. VET. AKADEMIENS HANDLINGAR. BAND 51. N:o ||. 23 
irregular, slightly thorned spicules distinguish Sympodium from Alcyonmium. Hypothe- 
tically it may be said that Sympodium consists of species which generally retain their 
peculiar mode of growth upon all substrata, in contrast to the most membranous forms 
(p. 20). For the present I place Sympodium in-proximity to Aleyonmium. 
KÖUKENTHAL (1906 a) presumes, as regards Alcyoniidae, the possibility of a diphyletic 
origin from 1) Xentidae above Anthomastus, 2) from Sympodium above Erythropodium to 
Alcyonium. As I have pointed out, the Erythropodium generally contains membranous 
forms of Alcyonium, and the membranous shape of the colony in the case of Sympodium 
does not entitle this genus to be considered as an original one. This genus rather has 
cd ARN f py 
KUKENTHAL MOLANDER REN 
Eunephihya 
Gersemia 
lf Cersemia 
Anthaomäastus Lobophytum 
| | Alcyonlum 
a 
Lobophytu Alcyonlum, Nidalia STRESS ER 
Nidallopsis 
Sinularla 
Acrophytum ; 
TASSRONS Sinularlia 
Antnomastus 
Erytropodlum Nidaltia 
| 1 Xenia 
I 
iv. I 
Cesplicularia | 
Nidallopsle Sarcoph 
ytum 
Acr hytum 
Metalcydgnlum RER ST 
Sarcophytum 
. 
FESC (> L 
Cespitularia XeniaA 
Ceratocaulon 
Ceratocaulon d 
S Sympodium 
I 
I 
|| 
1 
Ju 
Clavularia 
Anthelia 
FEST 
Cornularia 
N 
Clavularia Anthelia 
Cornularia 
been developed from the membranous forms of Alcyonium. I also have pointed out that 
the dimorphic line of Alcyoniidae can not have been developed from Xentiidae. Nor can 
the supposed lines of evolution be retained, and the classification by KÖKENTHAL of Alcyo- 
mirdae in Nidaliinae and Alecyoniinae can not be carried out, at least not in the opinion 
of KÖUKENTHAL. It is impossible to acknowledge the direct canal system and the various 
development of a calyx as practicable characteristics (pp. 11 and 33). Another objec- 
tion must be raised against KUÖKENTHAL”s method of systematizing the Alcyoniidae, viz. 
that he combines in one sub-family — Alcyoniinae — genera related to different lines. 
Gersemia (sensu MOLANDER) and Hunephthya (sensu MOLANDER) are derived in 
evolutionary sense from Alcyomium. 
KÖKENTHAL's survey of the relationship is given here, together with my plan of 
the genera and families dealt with in this paper. This plan has been drawn up in accord- 
ance with the principles I have propounded. 
