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ARVID R. MOLANDER, ALCYONACEA. 
Clavularia Quvoyr and GAIMARD 1830. 
Diagnosis: Pronounced differences as regards their size and shape between the 
spicules from the upper and lower parts of polyps. 
1906 a, Clavularia, KÖKENTHAL. 
Synopsis. 
A) Lower, non-retractile, part of polyp (calyx) 10 mm. up to 16 mm., wide stolons; stolon spicules 0,5 mm. 
Clavularia arctica (SaArRs) 1861. 
B) «Lower, non-retractile, part of polyps (calyx) up to 2,5 mm.; narrow stolons; stolon spicules 0,25 mm. 
Clavularia stormi (Kor. and Dan.) 1883. 
KÖUKENTHAL (1906 a) gives no less than eighteen species of this genus, of which, 
however, only a few are northern, viz. Clavularia frigida DAN., Clavularia arctica (SARS), 
Clavularia stormi KOR. and DAN., Clavularia alba (GRIEG), Clavularia concreta STUDER, 
and Clavularia margaritacea (CRIEG). On investigating the original specimens, I found 
that the true species of Clavularia can be considerably reduced in number. As I shall 
demonstrate later on, Clavularia frigida is nothing but an inconsiderably developed 
specimen of Gersemia fruticosa (NARS). GRIEG has described Clavularia margaritacea 
as a Sympodium, so has MAY (1900), while HICKSON and KUKENTHAL classify it among 
Clavularia. I have, however, by an investigation of the type specimens, been able to 
prove that it differs but little from Alcyonium digitatum var. norvegicum, and ought 
to be classed there. Of the still remaining species, it is certain that Clacularia alba 
(GRIEG) does not belong to the Clavularia. In his study of the Gorgonaceae from the 
Trondhjem Fiord, BRocH points out, in describing the Anthothelia grandiflora (SARS) 
VERRILL, that this specimen comparatively often deviates completely from the usual 
zorgonid-type. This specimen is then entirely devoid of branches and of every trace 
of an inner skeleton axis, it spreads itself membranously on worm tubes, etc., and has 
much the appearance of a membranous Alcyonium. On investigating GRIEG's Rhizo- 
xema alba, I found complete resemblance between it and Anthothelia grandiflora, with 
regard to spicules, etc. Consequently, I classify Clavularia alba among Anthothelia 
grandiflora. BrRocH (1912) classifies Sympodium hyalinum GRIEG with Clavularia, but 
this is not correct, for it is nothing but a membranous form of Gersemia fruticosa (SARS). 
(P-2665) 
It appears to me very doubtful whether Clavularia conereta STUDER can be considered as a Clavularia. The 
basal membrane is too powerful and the spicules show no characteristics of Clavularia. TI have not had the 
opportunity to examine the original specimens of StupErR. On the real position of this species I can not for the 
time being express any opinion. 
Clavularia aretica (SARrRs), 1861. 
Diagnosis: Tape-like, broad stolons. Polyps up to 22 mm., with 16 mm. calyx. 
The spicules of stolon, up to 0,5, are spindles with closely packed, short thorns. Spicules 
