INTERNAL BROWNING OF YELLOW NEWTOWN APPLE. 13 
tive tendency to internal browning of apples from various parts 
of the district, the effect of thoroughness of orchard tillage and of 
various commercial fertilizers and barnyard manure on this tend- 
-ency, a study of individual trees to determine whether the pro- 
duction of apples which brown in storage is a tree characteristic, and 
finally a detailed study of tree characteristics, such as quantity 
and condition of foliage, size of crop, and the size of individual 
apples on the trees. These have been augmented by chemical and 
physiological studies of fruits remaining sound as compared to 
those becoming browned in storage. 
The Pajaro Valley is almost surrounded by mountains or hills 
which are very low toward the sea, some 4 to 8 miles distant from 
the apple plantings, and rise to considerable heights on all other 
sides of the valley. Most of the orchards are on the floor of the 
main valley, though a number extend up some distance on the sur- 
rounding hills and into smaller valleys which are cut off from the 
ocean by ranges of hills much higher than those bordering the Pajaro 
Valley proper. ‘ 
As in California generally, the year is divided into two seasons, 
the rainy and the dry. The rainy season extends from October to 
April, inclusive, and during that time there is an average precipita- 
tion of about 25 inches. Throughout the remainder of the year 
showers are rare and of practically no importance. The winter 
weather is mild, and comparatively little frost occurs. 
In the summer and early fall the valley is subject to low-velocity 
trade winds from the ocean. ‘They begin to blow between 10 o’clock 
and noon and continue until late afternoon. Asa result, the evenings 
are cool or even chilly. Frequently the winds bring in fogs, which 
begin to cover the valley about 4 o’clock in the afternoon and remain 
until 9 or 10 o’clock the following morning. These fogs are of two 
types, high and low. The high fogs are at an elevation of several 
hundred feet, while the low fogs lie close to the ground, enveloping 
the trees, and sometimes drenching the foliage during the night and 
early morning. The points to be noted in this connection are the 
cutting off of the direct sunshine and the consequent lowered tem- 
perature and increased humidity during the growing period. This 
foggy weather is interspersed with clear periods of 2 to 10 days. 
The daily fluctuation of temperatures is between 50° and 65° F. 
during the foggy weather and between 65° and 80° F. during the 
clear period. Temperatures above 90° F. are rare, occurring not 
oftener than once or twice during the summer and early fall. These 
fogs are relatively much more prevalent over the floor of the valley 
proper, which is open to the sea, than over the higher foothill re- 
gions or over the more protected interior-valley orchards. These 
