XX 



AMERICAN HOMES AND GARDENS 



January, 1908 



f 



New Papers on 



Concrete 



Reinforced 

 Concrete 



Concrete 

 Building 

 Blocks 



Scientific American Supplement 1543 contains an 

 article on Concrete, by Brysson Cunningham. 

 The article clearly describes the proper com- 

 position and mixture of conctete and gives the 

 results of elaborate tests. 



Scientific American Supplement 1538 gives the 

 proportion of gravel and sand to be used in 

 concrete. 



Scientific American Supplements 1567, 1568, 1560, 

 1570 and 1571 contain an elaborate discussion 

 by Lieut. Henry J. Jones of the various systems 

 of reinforcing concrete, concrete construction, 

 and their applications. These articles constitute 

 a splendid text book on the subject of reinforced 

 concrete. Nothing better has been published 



Scientific American Supplement 997 contains an 

 article by Spencer Newberry, in which practical 

 notes on the proper preparation of concrete arc- 

 given. 



Scientific American Supplements 1568 and 1569 



present a helpful account of the making 01 

 concrete blocks by Spencer Newberry. 



Scientific American Supplement 1534 gives a 

 critical review of the engineering value of re 

 inforced concrete 



Scientific American Supplements 1547 and 1548 



give a resume in which the various systems of 

 reinforced concrete construction are discussed 

 and illustrated. 



Scientific American Supplements 1564 and 1565 



contain an article by Lewis A. Hicks, in which 

 the merits and defects of reinforced concrete are 

 analysed, 



Scientific American Supplement 1551 contains the 

 principles of reinforced concrete with some 

 practical illustrations by Walter Lonng Webb. 



Scientific American Supplement 1573 contains an 

 article by Louis H. Gibson on the principles of 

 success in concrete block manufacture, illus- 

 trated. 



Scientific American Supplement 1574 discusses 

 steel tor reinforced concrete. 



Scientific American Supplements 1575, 1576 and 

 1577 contain a paper by Philip L. Wormley, Jr , 

 on > ement mortar and concrete, their prepara- 

 tion and use for farm purposes. The paper ex- 

 haustively discusses the making ot mortar and 

 concrete, depositing of concrete, facing concrete, 

 wood forms, concrete sidewalks, details ol con- 

 struction of reinforced concrete posts, etc 



Scientific American Supplement 1583 gives valu- 

 able suggestions on the selection of Portland 

 cement for concrete blocks. 



Scientific American Supplement 1581 splendidly 

 discusses concrete aggregates. A helpful paper. 



Scientific American Supplements 1595 and 1596 



present a thorough discussion ot sand for mortar 

 and concrete, by Sanford E. Thompson. 



Scientific American Supplement 1586 contains a 

 paper by William L. Lai kin, on concrete mixing 

 machinery in which the leading types of mixeis 

 are discussed. 



Scientific American Supplement 1626 publishes a 

 practical paper by Henry H. (Juimby on con- 

 crete surtacef. 



Scientific American Supplement 1624 tells how to 

 select the proportions lor concrete and gives 

 lielptul suggestions on ti.e treatment of con- 

 crete surfaces 



Scientific American Supplement 1634 discusses 

 l"i nis lor concrete construction. 



Scientific American Supplement 1639 contains a 

 papei by Richard K Meade, on the prevention 

 of freezing in concrete by calcium cholonde. 



In Scientific American Supplement 1605 Mr. 

 Sanford K Thompson thoroughly discusses the 

 proportioning ol concrete 



Scientific American Supplement 1578 tells why 

 some tail in the concrete block business. 



Scientific American Supplement 1608 contains a 

 discriminating \ aper by Kos> F Tucker on the 

 progiess and logical design of reinforced con- 

 crete. 



n 



EACH NUMBER of the SUPPLEMENT COSTS 10 CENTS. A SET of PAPERS CON- 

 TAINING ALL THE ARTICLES ABOVE MENTIONED WILL BE MAILED for $3.40 



Order from sour Newsdealer or fi 



MUNN & CO., Publishers, 



361 

 BROADWAY, 



New York City 



CEMENT 



Its Chemistry, Manufacture CBk Use 



Scientific American Supplement 1372 contains an 

 article by A. D. Klberson tests and constitution 

 of Portland cement. 



Scientific American Supplement 1396 discusses 

 the testing of cement. 



Scientific American Supplement 1325 contains an 

 article by Prof William K. Hatt giving an his- 

 torical sketch of slag cement. 



Scientific American Supplements 955 and 1042 



give good accounts of cement testing and com- 

 position, by the well-known authority, Spencer 

 B. Newberry. 



Scientific American Supplements 1510 and 1511 



present a discussion by Clifford Richardson on 

 the constitution of Portland cement from a 

 physico-chemical standpoint. 



Scientific American Supplement 1491 gives some 

 fallacies of tests ordinarily applied to Portland 

 cement. 



Scientific American Supplements 14 65 and 1466 



publish an exhaustive illustrated account of the 



Edison Portland cement works, describing the 



machinery used. 

 Scientific American Supplement 1519 contains an 



essay by R. C. Carpenter on experiments with 



materials which retard the activity of Portland 



cement. 

 Scientific American Supplement 1561 presents an 



excellent review by Brysson Cunningham of 



mortars and cements. 

 Scientific American Supplement 1533 contains a 



resume of the cement industry and gives some 



valuable formulae. 

 Scientific American Supplement 1575 discusses 



the manufactuie of hydraulic cement. L. L. 



Stone is the author. 

 Scientific American Supplements 1587 and 1588 



contain an able paper by Kdwin C. Kckel on 



cement material and industry ot the U. S. 



Any one of these Supplements will be sent for 10 cents The entire set costs $1.60, and 

 constitutes an invaluable text book on the subject. Order from yjur Newsdealer or from 



MUNN & COMPANY, 361 Broadway, New York 



] 



was plain, very early in the season, that apples 

 must be sharply thinned by the grower. I 

 thinned my own orchard twice, and even yet 

 it needed a third thinning — which it did not 

 get. The result is an orchard full of fine 

 fruit, while I do not know of one other 

 orchard in central New York that has been 

 properly cared for. Four or five years ago 

 the pears psylla was the pest we had to con- 

 tend with. It worked mostly, however, on the 

 pear trees, instead of apple trees. So it 

 is that rarely can we care for our orchards 

 in the same manner two years in succession. 

 Brains are needed here if anywhere. 



The present difficulty may account for 

 high prices, yet it is a fact that the price 

 of apples, with one or two exceptions, has 

 been climbing up for the past ten years. 

 Poor stuff and culls remain in the market at 

 the same old nominal rate, but prime fruit 

 has climbed up from one dollar a barrel to 

 three and four dollars. It is now bringing 

 more than this, and before the end of the 

 season a prime barrel of apples will not be 

 obtainable at less than ten dollars. Why 

 are not our farmers alive to this grand open- 

 ing. It is because in our Eastern States we 

 have still a preponderance of routine farmers, 

 who cannot get out of the ruts. The Experi- 

 ment Stations and Agriculture Colleges are 

 slowly bringing about a change, but we shall 

 have to industrialize our whole common 

 school system. 



I am impressed more and more with the 

 fact that a serious mistake is made in not 

 understanding those varieties which are 

 peculiarly succeptible to plant foes. One may 

 easily make out a list of these, and then one 

 may quite as easily draw up a list of apples 

 which are not insect proof but are by no means 

 selected by moths and the tripeta fly. In the 

 former list one may place nearly all the sweet 

 apples, with Fameuse or Snow, the Autumn 

 Strawberry, and I am sorry to say Jonathan 

 and Northern Spy. But if the Spy blossom 

 very late, it escapes most of the damage. 

 Now for a list of exempts. You will find 

 your Shiawassie trees, your Wealthy, your 

 Astrachan, loaded with fruit so clean that 

 the waste is not over five per cent. I will 

 not undertake a .complete list, simply be- 

 cause these lists must vary largely with locali- 

 ties. Each planter must find out for himself 

 on this vital point. It will make a vast dif- 

 ference in his points. 



I wish I could impress upon apple growers 

 the necessity of planting stocky trees. Many 

 nurseries, and especially tree peddlers, dis- 

 seminate whip stalks, which will not develop 

 stout trees, even if they live at all. Buy trees 

 five or six feet high, mulch them when plant- 

 ing with coal ashes and any compost that 

 is handy. Make this matter of mulch a care- 

 ful item. Coal-ashes alone make splendid 

 mulch, but they do not feed the tree. The 

 main object is to prevent a change of tem- 

 perature about the roots. They should be 

 mulched not only when planted but at all 

 ages. 



The handling of apples for profit must be 

 of a sort to dispose of all grades, but to barrel 

 only the first grade. To do this apples must be 

 handled like eggs — no dropping, no tossing, 

 no pouring, and on no account should the 

 apples be left in piles after picking. Sort into 

 first grade, second grade and third grade ; 

 placing the first grade in barrels, turning the 

 third grade into cider, and leaving the middles 

 to do such market or home use as circumstances 

 direct. Only never sell a second grade apple 

 without the purchaser understands it. We 

 have got to get by all tricks of the trade. 

 With these provisions there is no opening at 

 present on the land better than that which 

 is offered to the orchardist. But he must be 

 a true orchardist. 



