February, 1911 Avia teANeerOwro, AND GARDENS @ xiii 
ritorial connection afforded them the 
sole possibility of scattering themselves 
toward the north or of a retreat to the 
south. Their lines of passage of the pres- 
ent day, consequently, are nothing other 
than the stupendously old paths which 
the birds have followed from time im- 
memorial. 
IMMUNITY IN PLANTS 
INCE plants have nothing that cor- 
S responds with the blood corpuscles, 
the conclusion was reached by 
many botanists that the principle of 
phagocytosis had no application to the 
plant world. But now the French botan- 
ist, Prof. Noél Bernard, of the University 
»of Caen, has pointed out an obvious an- 
alogy between the process described by 
Metchnikoff and a process that takes 
place in certain plants. 
Most of the diseases of higher plants 
are caused, not by bacteria or proto- 
zoans, but by filamentous fungi, related 
to the molds. In the roots or under- 
ground stems of many of the higher 
plants—including all the species of the 
orchid family, the heath family, and 
many others—there is always present a 
colony of such fungi. The presence of 
the fungus does not seem to cause pre- 
manent injury to the plant, but does not 
seem to be of any use to the plant, either. 
Many theories have been advanced as to 
the significance of this association or 
symbiosis between the higher plant and 
the fungus. Prof. Bernard points out 
that some of these fungi are known to 
cause diseases in certain plants, and in- 
fers that in the orchids, for example, they 
produce no injury, because when the 
fungus has penetrated into the interior 
of the cells, the protoplasm of the latter 
begins. to digest it, in the same way as 
the white corpuscles of our blood digest 
invading bacteria. = 
This view is supported by the fact that 
there is a progressive degeneration of the 
fungus within the cells of the host in 
practically all such associations that have 
been examined. By means of careful ex- 
periments, Dr. Bernard has further shown 
that in a given orchid a certain fungus 
will do no harm whatever, being digested 
and reduced to dead clumps, whereas 
closely related species of fungi will act 
in every way like disease-producing in- 
vaders. 
He concludes that while plants have 
no moving cells corresponding to the 
phagocytes of animals that are capable of 
attacking and devouring invaders, many 
of the cells in most plants still retain, to 
a certain extent, the ability to digest any 
invaders that may get into them. To the 
extent that this ability is retained, the 
plants will be immune from disease. This 
brings the curious mycorhiza or root 
fungus into harmony with Metchnikoff’s 
theory of immunity. 
OATING for Blackboards.—Dissolve 
G 200 parts of copal in 400 parts of 
ether; also 1,000 parts of shellac 
and 500 parts of sandarac in 4,000 parts of 
alcohol (90 per cent). Mix both solu- 
tions and add 150 parts lamp black, 50 
parts ultramarine, 30 parts Venice tur- 
pentine and 1,000 parts fine Naxos emery. 
A coating is applied, set on fire and ex- 
tinguished; then a second coating ap- 
plied, allowed to dry in, rubbed down 
and washed off with cold water. 
Make your home grounds a perfect picture. 
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Florists - Nurserymen - Landscape Gardeners 
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