April, 1911 
k in a secluded spot 
AMERICAN HOMES AND GARDENS 139 
Guards at the entrance 
pines, but also for the mountains, lakes, water- 
falls, stones, and numerous other accessories; 
and it is of the utmost importance that the gar- 
dener should take cognizance of a multitude of 
religious and ethical conventions in working 
out his design. They call attention to the fact 
that the streams must follow certain cardinal 
directions, that the nine spirits of the Buddhist 
pantheon must be symbolized in the number and 
disposition of the principal rocks. That the 
trees and stones must be carefully studied as to 
their relations to each other and to the general 
garden scheme, and only such combinations 
made as are regarded as “‘fortunate.’’ And woe 
to the unhappy gardener who does not care- 
fully study their symbolic relations and who 
carelessly introduces what is considered an un- 
lucky combination. 
So conscientious are the Oriental garden 
builders that they give the same care in regard 
to symbolic details to their “foreign” land- 
scape construction on American country-seats, 
as in their native country. No matter what the 
size, form or finish—whether it is large or 
small, mountainous or flat, rough or elaborate 
—the true landscape garden must be made to 
contain, in some form, rocks and water and 
vegetation, in connection with various architec- 
tural accessories in the form of indispensable 
lanterns, bridges and stepping-stones, while, in 
the more elaborate gardens are introduced pa- 
godas, water-basins, tea-houses, boundary 
fences, or hedges of bamboo, and fancifully 
roofed gateways. 
The careful distribution of garden vegeta- 
tion is considered quite as important as the ar- 
rangement of the principal rocks and stones 
and the contours of land and water. The East- 
ern travelers who have taken cognizance only 
of the grounds of the larger temples of Japan 
will probably fail to realize the significance of 
tree grouping in regulation landscape garden- 
ing. In the temple gardens, groves and ave- 
nues of trees are frequently planted in rows, 
with the same formality adopted in Western 
gardens, while in the true landscape gardens 
such formal arrangements are never resorted 
to. Not only are the trees arranged in open 
and irregular groups instead of being planted in 
rows—when several are planted together—but 
the rules for planting these clumps or groups 
are rigidly determined. ‘To the uninitiated it 
is difficult to understand just why these tree 
clumps must’ be disposed in double, triple or 
quadruple combinations, while these combina- 
tions may be again regrouped according to 
recognized rules based upon contrasts of form, 
line and color of foliage; but all these rules are 
understood and most carefully adhered to by 
the student of Japanese garden craft. And it 
is found on comparing the grouping of tiny 
dwarfed trees of miniature gardens with the 
arrangement in larger spaces, that the same 
rules have been followed. 
The disposition and the use of the various 
architectural accessories of the garden is also 
formally regulated, and the variety in garden 
building is found mainly in the form of these 
accessories, as the pagodas, lanterns, water- 
basins, wells and bridges are fashioned in many 
curious and beautiful designs, while the enclo- 
