198 
apples, though comparatively few people have ever seen 
the insect in the adult stage. The larva of the moth is the 
stage in which we most commonly see it, and it is this larva 
that is in most cases responsible for our wormy apples. 
The codling moth lives through the winter under scales 
of bark in the apple orchard, and in any other sheltered 
place it may find. In the spring of the year the adult moths 
emerge and lay their eggs on the young shoots of the apple 
tree—not necessarily on the young apples. When the eggs 
hatch the young worms crawl to the nearest fruit and enter 
the apple at the calyx end. ‘This is 
a fact that should be remembered, as 
it will be mentioned later on in con- 
nection with the spraying. 
The second brood of the codling 
moth frequently does considerable 
damage and unless the spraying for 
the first brood has been very thor- 
ough the injury from the second 
brood may be even greater than that 
of the first. The subject of deter- 
mining the time of the appearance of 
this second brood will also be men- 
tioned later on under the discussion 
of spraying. 
The Lesser Apple Worm.—In 
some sections this insect has for many 
years been confused with the codling 
moth. In fact, in some orchards it is 
by far the more injurious of the two 
insects. It resembles the codling moth, not only in ap- 
pearance, but in life history. The work of the lesser apple 
worm, however, differs from that of the codling moth in 
that the second brood seems to be much more numerous 
than the first, and that most of the injury is done at this 
time. The codling moth also ceases its work at the end 
of the summer, while the lesser apple worm frequently 
remains in the fruit throughout the winter. We find that 
the life history of this insect varies somewhat with the 
different localities, and we are now at work upon a seasonal 
study of the insect. Very frequently we find examples 
of the work of this insect where only 
the surface of the apple has been 
damaged. This makes a very bad 
form of injury, as it not only ruins 
the appearance of the apple, but 
renders its keeping quality very low, 
causing evaporation at the point 
where the skin is destroyed and very 
rapid deterioration of the fruit. 
The Plum Curculio—This is a 
very small beetle that injures the ap- 
ple by laying its eggs in a slight open- 
ing which it cuts in the skin of the 
young fruit. These openings are 
crescent shaped. 
The plum curculio winters in the 
trash on the ground under the apple 
trees and in sheltered crevices, and 
emerges in the early spring to feed 
on the first leaves which appear. It 
can at this time be poisoned by the application of any ar- 
senical preparation, as will be mentioned later on. 
The Apple Curculio—This is a very similar insect to 
the plum curculio, and its work may be recognized by the 
fact that the punctures which it makes are not of a crescent 
shape, but are round in outline. The insect also differs 
from the plum curculio in that the adults do very little 
feeding in the spring of the year. This makes it a form 
that is almost impossible to control by the application of 
any insecticide. We have found in our work, however, 
AMERICAN HOMES AND GARDENS 
Apple showing the injury caused by 
Bordeaux mixture 
Perfect apple sprayed with diluted lime and 
sulphur 
May, Ig9I1 
that trees sprayed with the lime and sulphur solution are 
much less liable to be injured by this insect than are trees 
sprayed with any other solution. It would appear from 
our experience that the lime and sulphur solution acts as 
a repellant to this particular insect, and that a considerable 
degree of protection may be had by spraying with this solu- 
tion. The insects apparently do not like the odor of the 
solution, and stay off of the trees to which the lime and 
sulphur has been applied. 
These four insects constitute the principle chewing in- 
sects which are injurious to the apple. 
FUNGOUS DISEASES RESPONSI- 
BLE FOR APPLE INJURY 
Apple Scab.—This disease is, per- 
haps, the most injurious of all the 
fungous diseases we have to deal 
with. It is distributed over a wide 
area, few American orchards being 
exempt from its ravages. The ap- 
ple scab lives over the winter on the 
dead leaves of the apple trees. In the 
spring of the year, when the warm 
rains come, the disease develops on 
the dead leaves, and spores are set 
free to be blown over the orchard and 
reproduce the disease on whatever 
part of the apple tree they may hap- 
pen to fall. Thus we have the apple 
scab occurring on the leaves, on the 
fruit, and on the growing stems. The first spray- 
ing is to prevent the infection of the young foliage by 
these spores, which are blown up from the ground where 
they occur on the old leaves. This is an important fact to 
remember. Too many orchardists consider apple scab as 
merely a disease of the fruit. As a matter of factmiteis 
quite as serious on the leaves as it is on the fruit, and unless 
the leaves of a tree are kept in a perfectly healthy condition 
the trees cannot mature a reasonable crop of apples. 
Bitter Rot.—This is another serious disease of the ap- 
ple. Fortunately, however, it is not so widely distributed 
as apple scab, many apple orchards 
showing no trace of the disease at all. 
Where it does get into an orchard, and 
is neglected for a number of years, 
it becomes one of the most difficult 
diseases to control, and the schedule 
for spraying which will be taken up 
later on is not designed to apply to 
districts affected with bitter rot. 
This schedule for spraying will, of 
course, give some results in an or- 
chard which is badly infested with 
the bitter rot, but in addition to the 
four sprayings mentioned, at least 
one or two others should be given 
later in the summer. Bitter rot af- 
fects not only the fruit, but the 
branches as well, producing on the 
‘branches the dead rough areas which 
we know as cankers (similar can- 
kers may be produced by several other diseases). It is 
from these cankers that the disease spreads over the 
trees and infects the fruit. Consequently a great deal 
of good can be accomplished by careful pruning in the 
orchard before the time of the spraying. 
Apple Blotch—In the south this is orie of the most in- 
jurious diseases, and in some orchards and on some va- 
rieties it will be even more injurious than the apple scab. 
Likewise it will be a more difficult pest to control. Like 
the apple scab, the blotch appears on the fruit, the leaves 
