268 JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, 
and three species of land shells (Patula unguiculus, Amphi- 
doxa zebra, and Thalassia neozelanica var. antipoda, and var. 
aucklandica.) All but the last variety occur in New Zealand. 
Campbell Island.—Distant from New Zealand 420 miles. 
According to Dr. Hector, the rocks are blue slate and sandstone, 
like our lower mesozoic beds, as wellas chalk, with flints, and 
volcanic rocks.* Dr. H. Filhol, however, does not mention any 
sedimentary rocks except limestone. Its highest point is 1600 
feet above the sea. According to Mr. H. Armstrong, a ground 
lark and a small bird like a wren (probably Zosterops) are found 
here, but Dr. Filhol saw no land birds. It has one endemic 
land shell (Helix campbellica), and two endemic floweriny 
plants. 
Macquarie Island.—Distant from New Zealand 600 miles. 
The rocks are said to be greenstone, sometimes veined with 
quartz, occasionally amygdaloidal, and containing mesotype and 
analcime.f The land birds are Patycercus nove zealandia, var. 
erythrotis, an endemic rail (Rallus (?) macguariensis) and a 
species of Ocydromus (probably O. brachypterus.) 
The floras of the southern group of islands—Aucklana, 
Campbell, and Macquarie—are so closely connected that they 
must be taken together. They have between them III species 
of flowering plants, of which 25—~z.e., 22 per cent.—are endemic. 
There is also one endemic genus, and seven antarctic species, 
which are not known from New Zealand. We may therefore 
conclude that the evidence given by the birds and land mollusca 
is decidedly in favour of the Auckland Islands and Macquarie 
Island having been connected with New Zealand. Whether 
Campbell Island formed part of this land, or whether it dates 
from a still later time, may remain for the present an open 
question. But the possession of an apparently endemic species 
‘of land shell and two endemic species of flowering plants, are in 
favour of the former supposition. It is remarkable that the 
floras of the Chatham Islands, and of the southern group of 
islands have each become differentiated by about the same 
amount, and we must infer from this fact that their isolation 
from New Zealand was pretty nearly contemporaneous. I men- 
tioned in my last address that the flora of the Kermadec 
Islands, judging from the very scanty collections that have been 
made there, contains only 14 per cent. of endemic species, and 
its isolation may therefore date from about the same time. It 
appears probable that all were connected, or nearly connected, 
with New Zealand during the pliocene period ; and, if this be 
correct, it follows that the differentiation of the flora since then 
has been about 20 per cent., which is not very different from the 
rate of change in the marine mollusca. 
We now come to the question—By what route did the an- 
tarctic plants reach New Zealand? As the Auckland Islands, 
Campbell Island, and Macquarie Island all contain antarctic 
* Trans, N.Z. Inst. II. p. 176. 
+ Prof. Scott, Trans, N.Z, Inst., XV., p. 487. 
