438 JOURNAL OF SCIENCE. 
by older rocks, and are consequently almost always worked by day 
levels and not by shafts. 
In describing the different systems, I commence with the oldest, 
the Manipouri. This system is largely developed on the west coast of 
Otago from Preservation Inlet to Milford Sound. Elsewhere it is only 
known on the west side of Tasman Bay in Nelson, from Motueka to 
Separation Point. The rocks consist of grey and red gneiss, 
garnetiferous-horneblende-, mica, and quartz-schists, and occasionally 
granular limestone. Scales of graphite have been found in the mica- 
schist at Dusky Sound. Marble is quarried at Caswell Sound. The 
dip is almost constantly to the west, varying from 4£° to 60°, and we 
can only escape from the conclusion that these rocks have a thickness of 
many miles by supposing either that their plane of foliation does not 
always coincide with the original plane of bedding, or that a series of 
reversed folds occur, neither of which has yet been proved. 
The Takaka system covers a large extent of country in the Colling 
wood district. and can be traced south continuously into Otago, where 
it expands considerably, covering the greater part of the interior of that 
Provisce, and reaching to the sea in the neighbourhood of Dunedin. 
In the north-western part of the Nelson Province this system can be 
divided into three series. The lowest is the ‘Mt. Arthur series,” which 
consists principally of crystalline limestone with bituminous and 
micaceous schists. The middle or ‘‘Aorere series” is formed principally 
of blue slates, but also contains sandstones as well as felspathic and 
quartzose schists. The upper or ‘Baton River series” consists of 
calcareous slates and argillaceous limestones with slates and sandstones, 
A few crinoids and corals have been found in the Mt. Arthur series ; 
graptolites, several of which appear to be identical with Australian 
Ordovician forms, have been collected in the Aorere slates; while fossils 
of the Baton River series have been found as far south as Reefton. 
Beyond that the metamorphism gets more pronounced, and the rocks of 
the system pass altogether into chlorite- and quartzose-mica schists, with 
occasional beds of graphite, passing upwards through argillaceous-mica- 
schists into phyllite with clay slate and quartzite. No calcareous rocks 
are known in the South. The thickness of this system in Otago cannot, 
I think, be less than 100,000 feet, but in the Nelson Province, Dr. 
Hector estimates it at 15,000 to 18,000 feet only. 
The junction of the Takaka with the underlying Manipouri system 
can only be studied in the Riwaka Mountains, west of Tasman Bay, 
and here there is a complete unconformity between the two. It is 
remarkable that in the Nelson Province, where there are several 
granitic areas in connection with the system, and where the rocks are in 
places violently disturbed, metamorphic action has been much less than 
in Otago, where the rocks lie nearly flat, and no exposures of granite 
occur. ‘This militates much against Mr. Mallet’s idea that the heat of 
metamorphism is due to crushing. While the great thickness of the 
system in Otago and the gradual decrease of metamorphic action 
upwards as well as northwards make it probable, that in this case at_ 
least, the metamorphism is due to the internal heat of the earth. 
The Maitai system is found in the South Island flanking the 
Takaka system on both sides of the main anticlinal except in Westland, 
where it has been almost entirely removed. In the North Island it , 
