LIFE-HISTORY OF LIOTHULA OMNIVORA. 539 
The individual I extracted in order to make the above description 
evinced an intense dislike to the operation, retreating to the extreme 
end of his case, and clinging firmly with his anal legs; when, however, 
the whole of one side was cut out he was forced to give up possession, 
and a more helpless insect than the naked larva can hardly be 
imagined. As soon as I had finished with him I put him back in his 
old case, which he completely repaired in a few days, the new 
material with which the larva had filled in the slit down the side 
being plainly visible, leaving a curiously mended appearance. 
These larve can endure long periods of starvation. I once found 
a specimen which had been left in a box for four months without 
food, having been forgotten. It was very small and shrivelled, but 
still alive, although I think it subsequently expired. 
When full-fed this caterpillar fastens the upper end of its case to 
® branch with a loop of strong silk, which is drawn very tight, pre- 
venting the case from swinging when the plant is moved by the wind, 
and also rendering the insect’s habitation more inconspicuous by 
causing it to resemble a broken twig. The anterior aperture is 
completely closed, the loose edges being drawn together and fastened 
hike a bag. The posterior end of the case is twisted up for some little 
distance above the extremity, thus completely closing the opening 
there situated. {tis lined inside with a layer of very “soft silk spun 
loosely over the sides, and partly filling up each end. In the centre 
of this the pupa lies with its head towards the lower portion of the 
case, the old larval skin being thrust backwards amongst the loose 
silk above the chrysalis. 
In this stage of existence the extraordinary sexual disparities which 
are so characteristic of the family manifest themselves, the male and 
female pupx being very widely different in all respects. The male 
pupa is elongate and somewhat attenuated, especially in the abdomen; 
the head and eyes are moderately large, the antenne-, leg-, and wing- 
cases being very conspicuous. The thorax is broad and well 
developed, and the abdomen tapers slightly towards the apex; it has 
seven visible segments, the last being flattened dorsally, and provided 
with a small sharp spine on the ventral surface close to the extremity. 
_In colour the pupa is dark chestnut-brown, inclining to black on the 
head and wing-cases; the posterior margins of the abdominal 
segments are black, the terminal ones being lighter than the rest; 
there are also a few obscure yellowish spots on the breast of the pupa. 
The edges of the posterior articulations are furnished with a double 
row of very fine but stiff bristles on the dorsal surface. Length 
about seven lines. The female pupa is much larger and cylindrical in 
shape, the abdomen occupying nearly the whole of the body; it 
possesses nine visible segments, the terminal one being obtusely 
conical. The head and thorax are very rudimental, more resembling 
those of the larva than the male, all the appendages being however, 
reduced to hardly visible warts. In colour it is pitchy black and 
shining, the head and thorax being obscurely cinereous, and the two 
terminal divisions of the abdomen ruddy yellow; the edges of all the 
segments on the dorsal surface are slightlv dentate. Length about 
ten lines. 
This insect remains in the pupa state during the winter 
months, viz., from May till September. When about to emerge, the 
