EUROPEAN FOULBROOD. v 
Later the dead larval remains assume a brownish tint which 
deepens to varying shades as decay continues and drying takes place. 
During the early part of the decay, the firmness of the body wall per- 
mits the removal of the larva intact from the cell. Later, however, it 
offers but little resistance and is easily ruptured. The decaying mass 
before drying often attains a certain amount of viscidity. Sometimes 
it is of a doughy consistency, at other times it is purulent or sputum- 
- like, while at times it assumes a viscidity that will permit of its being 
drawn out to the extent of an inch or more. When the larval mass 
becomes dry it forms an irregular scale, usually brown in color, lying 
on the floor or side wall of the cell or both, but not adhering closely 
to them. 
GROUP 3 
A larva dying of European foulbrood after being capped may be 
found occupying one of many positions within the cell (Pl. IV, 
C, D, E; Pl. V, D, E, F, G, H). Dying before the two-day quiescent 
period that precedes pupation, the remains during decay and as a ° 
scale resemble in many respects those of larve described in group 
2. The dry scales occupy usually an irregular position on the floor 
of the cell (Pl. IV, F, G). Dying during the two-day quiescent 
period, however, the scales (Pl. V, F, I) resemble very much those 
of larve dying at the same age of American foulbrood. The larval 
mass assumes the brownish hue which deepens as the decay advances, 
reaching a dark brown. Viscidity is present in the decaying larval 
mass, but the extent to which the decaying material may be drawn 
out is less than in American foulbrood. The scale is less brittle and 
more rubberlike. 
At no time has the writer observed pup dead of European foul- 
brood. If they die of the disease it is a rare occurrence. 
The removal of larve sick or dead of the disease is accomplished 
to a greater or less degree by adult workers. The larve are either 
partially or entirely removed. This is usually done piecemeal. In 
an infected colony will be found, therefore, the remains of larvee of 
different ages (Pl. IV, B) and (Pl. V, A) in varying numbers. 
ETIOLOGY 
PREDISPOSING CAUSES 
Age.—Infection in European foulbrood takes place during the 
feeding stage and at some time after the first day of larval life, 
the larve being more often 2 days of age, or older. Death takes 
place somewhat more than 2 days from the time of infection. As 
a rule, therefore, a larva has passed its fourth day of larval life 
before death from European foulbrood occurs. From this age to 
pupation larve may die of the disease. The writer has not encoun- 
