EUROPEAN FOULBROOD. 5 
beekeepers, a condition noticeable when the disease is fairly well 
advanced in the colony. 
The dead larve lose their pearly whiteness and assume a yellowish 
color, later becoming brownish. This deepens often to a dark brown. 
The decaying remains are not characteristically ropy, as in American 
foulbrood. Marked viscidity is usually absent. When it is present 
the decaying mass can be drawn into threads but to a less extent than 
in the ropy disease. In advanced cases the disease may be accom- 
panied by an odor, but in the writer’s experience this never has been 
marked and never offensive. 
As the disease in the colony advances, weakness becomes a symp- 
tom. In severe cases queenlessness may result from the infection. 
This, however, is by no means the rule. 
SYMPTOMS MANIFESTED BY INDIVIDUAL LARV4 SICK OR DEAD OF EUROPEAN 
FOULBROOD 
Evidences of European foulbrood in the individual larve appear 
before and after death. The colony symptoms used most frequently 
in the diagnosis of the disease are largely post-mortem appearances 
of larve. Of much interest and frequently of considerable diagnos- 
tic value are the symptoms manifest by larve sick but not dead of 
the disease. For convenience in the description of the appearances 
of the sick or dead larvee, the grouping used in describing the 
healthy larve (p. 3) is followed. The appearances of affected 
larvee both living and dead are, of course, changing constantly. A 
description which is correct for one day or hour, it should be 
realized, is not likely to be entirely correct for the next. 
GROUP 1 
The youngest larvee manifesting symptoms of European foul- 
brood are approximately 4 days old (Pl. TI, A, B, C, E, F, H,1). In 
many cases at this stage of the disease a peristalsis-like movement of 
the body is marked and is readily observed by the unaided eye, but 
in others no such bodily movements are observed. The diseased 
larvee at the time may be more transparent (Pl. II, B, H) than 
healthy ones of the same size. In such larve the trachezx are quite 
prominent and more readily seen than in healthy ones. Occasionally 
numerous minute opaque areas are observed in these more transpar- 
ent larvee, giving to them a punctate appearance. Very often, how- 
ever, this sign is not present. In many instances, indeed, no distinct 
symptom is observed until the larva approaches death. (PI. IT, A). 
Larvee (Pl. II, A, B, C, E, H, 1) of this group dying or just dead 
of the disease lose their marked glistening appearance; their pearly 
whiteness gives way to a yellowish tint; the turgidity seen in healthy 
larvee is diminished in the sick; and the folds and furrows indicat- 
