FORESTRY LESSONS ON HOME WOODLANDS. 



11 



How a forest cover conserves the water from rainfall or melting 

 snow. 



Flow of streams from open and forested land; seepage and 

 springs. Protecting watersheds of city reservoirs and headquarters 

 of large streams from erosion and floods. State and municipal 

 forests. The 150,000,000 acres of Government National Forests held 

 for protection of watersheds and streams and for a permanent tim- 

 ber supply. Private owners hold four-fifths of the total standing 

 timber in the United States. 



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Fig. 4. — The forest floor. Leaves and twig litter on the ground beneath the trees, spongy 

 layer of decomposed vegetable matter or humus, this and the lower layer of soil inter- 

 laced with tree roots and rootlets, and the clay subsoil. Dense growth of seedling and 

 sapling trees covering and protecting the soil. 



How trees protect the soil against erosion, and the formation of 

 gullies on steep slopes. Examples of local hillsides and regions of 

 the United States. 



Effect of woods as shelter against hot dry winds and cold winds 

 for growing grain and fruit crops, live stock, and the farm home. 

 The difference felt in temperature of the air in midsummer out in 

 the open road or field and in the shade of a single tree or of woods. 

 The same as experienced on a cold windy day in winter. 



Field study. — In an excursion with the teacher to the hills and 

 fields the class can learn, by actual observation, the bond between 

 the forest and the river. 



