PREFACE vii 
order proceeds. There seems, however, no escape from the con- 
clusion that Man and the Apes must have had a common ancestor 
in the remote past, and we await with especial interest further 
discoveries of fossil remains which may throw light upon their 
inter-relationships and upon the ancestors of Man. 
Remains of Early Quaternary Man, few and far between, 
have been unearthed during the last fifty years in . England, 
on the European Continent with Gibraltar, and in North America. 
The valley of the Meuse is now famous for having yielded the 
“Naulette” and “Spy” remains, which there is very strong 
evidence for believing to belong to the Paleolithic Age. The 
salient features of these ancient men are a low retreating and 
contracted forehead and an inwardly shelving occiput (indicative of 
a primitive type of brain and of powerful neck muscles), a high 
temporal ridge and an expanded palate (indicative of powerful 
jaws and jaw muscles); and further, the presence of ape-like 
brow ridges (for which the famous Neanderthal calvaria is so 
notorious) appears also to have been a racial character. Dr. 
Eugene Dubois has recently described some remains from the 
banks of the Bengawan River in Java, which he believes to be 
those of a creature structurally intermediate between the types 
represented by modern Man and the modern Anthropoids. In 
this he has been proved by Pettit, Cunningham, Turner, and 
others, to be mistaken. The Bengawan calvaria and the bones 
associated with it are strictly human. The calvaria shows a 
cephalic breadth index’ of 70, as compared with 72 for the 
Neanderthal, and its smaller capacity and other characters render 
it perhaps representative of a race more primitive than any 
1 As mentioned in the body of this work (infra, pp. 51, 52), the cranial capacity 
of the Caucasian may average 1500 c.cm., and that of the Veddah may be but 950 
c.cm. Thirty Australian skulls measured by Turner gave a maximum capacity of 
1514 ¢.cm. and a minimum of but 930 c.cm., and 100 modern Parisian skulls, worked 
out by Topinard, varied between 1850 c.cm. and 1150 c.cm., while Testut describes 
a skull of Quaternary Man from the Dordogne with a capacity of 1730 c.cm. 
Individual variation being thus extensive, it is clear that for purposes of study 
of the inter-relationships between races of mankind, a method which deals with 
relative measurements, in such a way as to eliminate differences due to stature, 
is desirable. The above-named ‘‘ cephalic breadth index” method has been found 
to be one of the most serviceable under existing circumstances. It is computed 
as follows: multiply the maximum transverse diameter by 100 and divide by the 
maximum long diameter, as determined by a line drawn between the superciliary 
ridges and through the most projecting mid-occipital point. 
b 
