THE ALIMENTARY CANAL AND ITS APPENDAGES 175 
tion, and we have little difficulty in recognising in them the 
homologues of the “vocal sacs” of the Monkeys. The latter 
ean be filled with air from the larynx, and in certain Anthropoids 
they may extend far down in the neck, or even to the shoulder 
or thorax. These sacs, which, when distended, are really 
immense, may be partly enclosed in an osseus capsule produced 
by the transformation of the hyoid (Mycetes). It seems to me 
that they may not only act as resonators when the animal howls, 
but that, when inflated, they may serve to intimidate enemies. 
Gruber [and Rudinger] have described cases, in Man, in which the sacs 
broke through the thyroid membrane and came to lie, like those of the Apes, 
outside the larynx. [In one case of Rudinger’s the sac of the right side 
was alone present. The same variation has been observed by Bischoff in 
the Gorilla ; and it is interesting to note that imequality in growth of the 
two sacs has been recorded in the Chimpanzee, the Orang, and in Man.'] 
On examination of the larynxes of a number of Negroes, 
Giacomini asserts that the ventriculus in no way differs from 
that of Europeans. [This is, however, in strange contradiction 
to the conclusions of Gibb,’ that the larynx of the Negro differs 
from that of the white races in the invariable presence of the 
cartilages of Wrisberg, the obliquity of the true vocal cords, and 
the pendent condition of the ventricles, which latter, according 
to him, are situated below the plane of the true vocal cords, 
instead of above it as in the whites. ] 
Myologically, Giacomini’s inquiry is very interesting. The Italian 
investigator also examined the Anthropoids, and found that while the 
Chimpanzee’s larynx most nearly resembles that of Man, the Orang’s is the 
least akin to it, and that of Macacus and Cercopithecus occupies an inter- 
mediate position. 
LUNGS 
Aeby, from a careful study of the structure of the lungs and 
of the arrangement of the pulmonary vessels, has concluded that 
in Man the upper lobe of the left lung is homologous with the 
middle lobe of the right, and that the upper lobe of the right 
has no counterpart on the left side. The question therefore arises 
whether this asymmetry is a primitive condition, or whether the 
left lung may not once have possessed a counterpart to the extra 
lobe now borne by the right, z7.e. whether the original plan of 
the tractus respiratorius, as judged by the subdivision of the 
trachea, may not have been strictly symmetrical? This would 
1 (Cf. Ehlers, Abhandig. K. Geselisch. d. Wiss. Gottingen, Bd. xxviii. p. 48.] 
2 (Mem. Anthropolg. Soc., Lond., vol. ii. p. 1.] 
