THE URINOGENITAL SYSTEM 197 
in other differentiations of the ccelomic musculature (¢.g. the 
musculus suspensorius duodeni, musculature of the genital ducts), 
leaves the genital duct at the point where the ligamentum testis 
or ovarii reaches it. This coincidence of position by no 
means always obtains; but the fact that it may do so has led to 
the erroneous idea that the ligaments of the genital ducts hitherto 
known as the ligamentum rotundum and the gubernaculum always 
and alone connect the ovary and testis with the inguinal 
region. The study of Ontogeny proves that in origin they are 
distinct from the ligamentum inguinale. The latter, in the 
female, becomes the hgamentum rotundum uteri. Besides this, 
Fic. 105.—A, A PARTLY DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE EMBRYONIC URINO- 
GENITAL APPARATUS OF A MALE MAMMAL, SHOWING ITS RELATIONS TO THE VENTRAL 
ABDOMINAL WALL. 
B, THE PENIS AND ScROTUM OF A Human EmBryo 15 CM. LONG, WITH THE ARE 
SCROTI (d@.s.) MEETING IN THE MIDDLE LINE. 
(BOTH FIGURES FOUNDED ON THE WORK OF KLAATSCH.) 
al., intestine ; re’., suprarenal body ; re”., kidney ; l.s., suspensory ligament of testis ; 
.g-g-, testis ; d.g., genital duct ; 1.7., ligamentum inguinale ; pr., processus vaginalis ; 
c.t., conus inguinalis ; 6/., urinary bladder. 
the lhgamentum inguinale, as well as the conus inguinalis of 
Klaatsch, were called gubernaculum testis by former authors; 
in fact, the term gubernaculum was originally applied to the most 
heterogeneous structures. 
In the Insectivora and Rodents, the descent of the testis is 
accompanied by an evagination of the conus due to muscular 
contraction, so that the hgament may in this case rightly be 
termed a “gubernaculum.” This evagination gives rise to a 
more or less marked bulging of the integument, to form the 
“bursa inguinalis” of Klaatsch. This pouch, which represents 
the point of least resistance in the abdominal wall, is composed 
of (1) the evaginated abdominal integument (scrotum, sac of the 
