198 JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, 
We will now turn to the marineprovinces. Thepelagicanimals 
which live at or near the surface of the ocean are all more or less 
cosmopolitan. The same may be said of the inhabitants of the 
deep sea, for the researches of the naturalists of the “ Challenger” 
and other scientific expeditions have proved that the animals 
living 3,000 feet or more below the surface are very much 
the same all over the world. Consequently the deep sea forms 
a single, very irregularly-shaped province, and is almost as com- 
plete a barrier to the migration of the shallow water animals as 
is the land. It is therefore to the shallow waters surrounding 
the shores that we must look for our marine zoological districts. 
Mr. S. P. Woodward, in 1856, from a study of the marine 
mollusca, divided the ocean into the following eighteen 
provinces*:—1. Arctic province, containing all the northern seas 
from Kamtschatka and the Aleutian Islands to the North Cape, 
Iceland, and Newfoundland. 2. Boreal province, including the 
North Atlantic from Massachusetts to Iceland, the Shetland 
Islands, and Norway. 3. Celtic province, comprising only the 
British Islands, Denmark, South Sweden, and the Baltic. 4. 
Lusitanian province, the Bay of Biscay to the Mediterranean, 
N. W. Africa and Madeira, the Azores and Canary Islands. 5. 
Aralo-caspian province. 6. West African province, comprising 
the tropical coast of W. Africa. 7. South African province, 
comprising Africa outside the tropics. 8. /udo-pacific province. 
This most important of all the marine provinces was first indi- 
cated by Cuvier and Valenciennes in 1828; it extends from 
tropical Australia to the Yellow Sea, and from the Red Sea and 
E. Africa to Polynesia. 9. <Azstralo-zealandic province, New 
Zealand, Tasmania, and extra-tropical Australia. 10. Faponic 
province, the Japanese Islands and Corea. 11. Aleutian province, 
including the Northern Pacific, from the Sea of Okhotsk to 
Vancouver’s Island. 12. Californian province. 13. Panamic 
province, from the Gulf of California to North Peru. 14. 
Peruvian province, the coast of Peru and Chili to Valparaiso. 
15. Magellanic province, from Valparaiso, round South America, 
to Cape Blanco. 16. Patagonian province, the east coast of 
South America, from Cape Blanco to the tropics. 17. Carib- 
bean province, the Gulf of Mexico, the West Indies, and tropical 
South America. 18. Zvans-atlantic or Pennsylvanian province, 
the Atlantic coast of the United States as far north as Massa- 
chusetts. 
Dr. Gunther, in discussing the distribution of the shore fishes 
in 1880, formed seventeen districts, which correspond very 
closely with those of Mr. Woodward ; and he has grouped these 
districts into (1) Arctic Ocean, (2) North Temperate Zone, (3) 
Equatorial Zone, (4) South Temperate Zone, and (5) Antarctic 
Ocean. We may therefore safely assume that the main outlines 
of marine distribution are known; although, as with the land 
* « Manual of the Mollusca ” (Weale’s Series), Some of these provinces had 
been previously made out by Professor E. Forbes, 
