Later Beds of the Glacial Formation. 25 
present day, while the Post-pliocene specimens of the 
species, the descendants of the small Pliocene race, and the 
ancestors of the small living race, excel them both in size 
in the proportion of three to one. 
11. Astarte arctica, Gray.—Arctic and circumpolar ; 
extends south as far as Bergen, but is there exceedingly 
rare; does not reach Britain. (It is very rare in Britain, 
see Forbes and Hanley.—T'ranslator.) 
12. Tapes decussata (Venus), L.—A Mediterranean species; 
extends to England, on the south coast of which it is 
common, in Wales and Northumberland very scarce; not 
found further north. (Forbes and Hanley speak of it as 
very rare in north Britain, but as found buried in gravel in 
Skye and Shetland.—Zanslator.) Fossil, found in the later 
shell-beds of the lower levels, and is as large as the largest 
Mediterranean living specimens. 
13. Panopea norwegica (Mya.), Spengler.—Arctic and 
circumpolar; extends to the Cattegat and England, but 
there, as on our own coast, is exceedingly rare. Fossil, © 
much more frequent than in the living state. 
14. Pholas candida, L.—Extends from the Mediterranean 
to Scotland, and perhaps Norway. Fossil, frequent in the 
later shell-beds of the lower levels. 
15. Oculina prolifera (Madrepora) Li. ; Lophella prolifera, 
Kdw. and Haime.—This coral is found on our western and 
northern coast, at the vast depth of from 150 to 300 
fathoms,—never less than this,—and forms pretty large 
bush-shaped masses of 2 feet in diameter. Fossil, it is 
found in the lowest clay, and also in vast quantities on 
the shoal which hes out in the Fjord to the west of Drobak, 
and which has been already stated to be from 10 to 15 
fathoms (60 to 90 feet) deep. It cannot have been washed 
thither by a stream or tide, for it is firmly attached to the 
solid rock just as it grew; of course, however, it is dead, 
and stripped bare of the formative polyp which could not 
survive the increased temperature of the shallower sea. 
We have thus the best possible proof of an elevation of the 
land in this upheaval of a portion of the sea-bottom, and 
that to the extent of at least 135 fathoms, or 800 feet; 
and with this evidence it is interesting further to compare 
NEW SERIES.—VOL. XVIII. NO, I.—JULY 1863. D 
