14 Mr Theodore Kjerulf on the Phenomena 
debris and rolled stones of the interior, were washed further 
and further down. The striking absence of fossil shells 
in the brick-clay, and in the sandy clay and flood sand; 
the complete identity of the brick-clay and the inland fresh- 
water clays ; the expansion of the plateaus of stratified sand 
around original banks,—all these strongly indicate such a 
flood period. 
III. In regard to the third group (p. 7), consisting of 
alluvium, peat, and other fresh-water formations, it is un- 
necessary to say more, than that their extension at certain 
points indicates that the lakes to which they owe their origin 
formerly stood at a higher level than that which they now 
occupy. 
From an examination then of the whole upper covering 
of our country, we learn that the older part of this forma- 
tion has a markedly arctic character, and that the oldest 
masses of all are moraines. We are entitled, therefore, I 
think, to conceive of Norway, at the close of the Tertiary 
period, as being in a true glacial condition. Its ice cover- 
ing had an outward movement like the present inland ice 
of Greenland. By this ice “ rolled stones” and debris were 
borne outwards to the sea-shore, where large and small 
blocks of stone were floated off, and carried away on ice-floes. 
Heuce originated those huge moraine masses (far too vast to 
have been produced by mere separate valley glaciers) which 
cover the whole of the flat land near the coast, and which 
may be traced on both sides of the Christiania Fjord. From 
this universal covering of moving land ice resulted the 
first great network of scorings and scratches, as well as 
the moraine masses extending out to the edge of the sea. 
Then followed a diminution of the glacial intensity. In- 
stead of a continuous covering of ice, there were separate 
glaciers, which laboured down from the various mountain 
slopes into the open valleys at their feet. All the loose 
material which lay in their way they bore off as moraines, 
either along their sides or in front, or where two valleys 
converged as medial moraines. ‘The process of striation 
thus went on anew in all these valleys ; and in this way two 
